Hospital Glove Supply Chain Proposal Essay

Team A Hospital has been a successful hospital in San Francisco, California for a number of years. The hospital has often been at the cutting edge of exciting and new technology but as with many other organizations the downturn in the economy has affected the hospital’s bottom line. The CEO of Team A Hospital is looking for any way possible to help cut costs. One way to cut costs would be to use a different supplier for surgical gloves. Currently, the gloves are purchased from a local supplier, but union issues have caused the price of the gloves to rise and have led to many inconsistent deliveries, which has often put the hospital in a difficult situation. The CEO would like management to look into purchasing gloves from an international supplier, preferably in China. Due to the many issues and problems Team A Hospital has had with the local union, the hospital has decided to look into purchasing gloves from Hello Kitty Gloves out of China. Currently Team A Hospital uses an average of 500 boxes of gloves a week. Research done by the hospital shows Hello Kitty Gloves will be able to meet all of the demands of the hospital. An agreement can also be made to guarantee next day delivery in the case of emergency, if needed. Purchasing gloves from Hello Kitty Gloves will solve all of the issues the hospital had been having with local unions. Team A Hospital will no longer have to worry about inconsistent deliveries from the union, and save money in the process. Total quality management (TQM) is a management approach aimed at satisfying all customer requirements, needs and expectations using a Continuous Improvement (CI) approach (Dvir, n.d.). There are six principles TQM follows to improve management. The six principles are customer focus, leadership, teamwork, continuous improvement of processes, measurements, and benchmarking. Customer focus is an important part of TQM. For the new materials requirement plan to be a success the plan needs to focus on the needs of the customer. By contracting with Hello Kitty Gloves, Team A Hospital will be putting the customer first. The hospital will no longer have to concern themselves with missed deliveries and concerns about not having needed supplies. Leadership is another principal of TQM. Management needs to take a leading role in looking for ways to save Team A Hospital money. It isn’t enough for management to look for ways for different departments to cut costs. For the new materials requirements plan to be successful management also needs to look for ways to cut corners in their department as well. Everyone in Team A Hospital needs to be involved for the plan to succeed. Teamwork plays an important role in the success. Each team member that is part of the new plan needs to be on board to help the hospital reach their goals. Without each team member playing their part the plan is doomed to fail. No plan is perfect. When management set up the new plan to purchase gloves from Hello Kitty Gloves they did all they could to ensure there would be no problems, but as with every plan unseen problems are sure to come up. This is where continuous improvement of processes comes in. When problems do come up management needs to address these concerns quickly so the same problems that developed with the previous glove manufacturer don’t develop again. The best way to tell if a plan is a success or a failure is by measuring the results. Some ways to measure if the new material requirements plan is a success is by measuring a few main points of the plan (example- delivery time, stock on hand, inventory turnover). By analyzing these measurements against the old methods used the hospital can measure their success, or failure. Benchmarking is also an important step in TQM as well. Team A Hospital can look at other hospitals and see who is supplying their hospital gloves. Perhaps the other hospitals have found ways to save even more money in purchasing hospital gloves. Also, other hospitals might have a better way to measure results of the plan as well.

HRM Goals

HRM has three basic goals, which contribute to achieving management objectives: First goal is integration of HRM in two senses: integrating HRM into an organization's corporate strategy, and ensuring an HRM view in the decisions and actions of line managers. Integration in the first sense involves selecting the HRM options consistent with (and which promote) the particular corporate strategy. The option Is determined by the type of employee behavior expected (e. g. innovation) needed to further the corporate strategy.Second goal of HRM is securing commitment through building strong cultures. Third goal of HRM is to achieve flexibility and adaptability to manage change and Innovation In response to rapid changes consequent upon globalization. The principal objectives of HRM: To help the organization reach its goals. To employ the skills and abilities of the workforce efficiently. To provide the organization with well-trained and well-motivated employees. To Increase to the fullest the employee's job satisfaction and self-actualization. To develop and maintain uality of work life.To communicate HR policies to all employees To be ethically and socially responsive to the needs of society. HRM helps an organization and its people to realize their respective goals: At the enterprise levels: 1) Good human resource practices can help In attracting and retaining the best people in the organization. Planning alerts the company to the types it will need in the short medium and long run. 2) It helps In training people for challenging roles, developing right attitudes towards the Job and the company promoting team spirit mong employees and developing loyalty and commitment through appropriate reward schemes.At the individual level, Effective management of HR helps employees thus: 1) It promotes teamwork and team splrlt among employees. 2) It offers excellent growth opportunities to people who have the potential to rise. 3) It allows people to work with diligence and commitm ent. At the society level: Society, as a whole is the major beneficiary of good human resources practices 1) Employment opportunities multiply. 2) Scarce talents are put to best use. Companies that pay and treat people well always race ahead of others and deliver excellent results.At the national level: Effective use of human resources helps in exploitation of natural, physical and financial resources in a better way. People with right skills, proper attitudes and appropriate values help the nation to get ahead and compete with the best In the world leading to better standard. Real Example, HPH – AICT my current work environment HRM goals: First goal is integration of HRM in two senses: integrating HRM into an organization's corporate strategy, and ensuring an HRM view in the decisions and actions of line managers For Instance, the HRM policies In relation to recruitment, appraisal, compensation, training, etc. re related to the business strategyemoval of narrow Job classific ations

Why did the camp David summit in 2000 Collapse Essay

Why did the camp David summit in 2000 Collapse - Essay Example he favorite spot for negotiation due to its previous successes such as 1978’s Camp David Accords whereby the then United States’ President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace deal between Egypt and Israel, and 1993’s Oslo Accord on the Final Status Settlement; which provided agreement should be reached between Palestinians and Israelis on all outstanding issues primarily based on historical injustices with which the negotiations, which were for the most part verbal neither fulfilled Palestinians or Israeli interests thus the collapse of the summit (Finkelstein, 2005, pp.39-53). The two parties failed to agree over the following issues, the so-called final status settlement, and which formed the basis of negotiation: The Palestinians refugees demanded full implementation right of return which included: Each refugee to be granted the option of returning back to his/her home, with property restored and/or accept compensation. This would mean a concession by Israel which translates to demographic overwhelming of Israel since the first Arab-Israeli war led to movement of a significant number of Palestinian Arabs approximately 750000 from Israel whom by today is slightly over four million people inclusive of their descendants. Socially, Israel observed this influx could jeopardize its Jewish character and majority of the decision makers maintained that a large number of Jewish refugees were expelled from Arab countries and that they were never compensated, ruling out the demands of restoration of property and/or compensation to Palestinians by Israel, which at that point was against the will and demands of Palestinians. Economically, an international fund worth$30 billion was to be set up in a bid to help resettle the refugees in their present place of inhabitance at an expense of Israel gradually absorbing 150,000 refugees a year; a proposal which at first did not favor Israel but Palestinians in a nutshell and in the long run analysis. Israel on their side strongly

The impact of rape on the victims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The impact of rape on the victims - Essay Example Rape can also be regarded as sexual assault and it can happen to both men and women of different ages. Rapists usually apply force to subdue their victims and it can be seen that rape is all about power where the sexual offender seeks to derive sexual pleasure from another person without his or her consent. To this effect, rape is a criminal offence which negatively impacts on the lives of the victims. Effective measures need to be put in place in order to deal with this cancerous disease in different societies. Research has shown that most sexual offences such as rape are mainly committed by members of the lowest socio-economic classes with a relatively low standard of education. For instance, Robinson (23) suggests that cases of rape are more common especially in poor communities and they often go unreported. This practice is mainly influenced by lack of proper education among the members of the poor communities. The victims are often threatened with death if they report the case t o the law enforcement agents. As a result of this situation, it can be noted that the victims often suffer in silence for fear of their lives if they report the case. It can also be seen that rape is usually committed by the relatives of the victims. ... Robinson (24) also posits to the effect that rape is often committed for ritual purposes. Many people who are infected with HIV/Aids especially in African countries believe that this deadly disease can be treated if they sleep with minors. However, the unfortunate truth is that AIDS is incurable so instead of solving their own problems, they will be creating similar problems on other people. Rape is also committed by people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol and these people use force in order to have sex with the unwilling victims. In some cases, the victims are also drugged so that they become powerless such that they cannot defend themselves. Men can also be raped by women though this problem is mainly rampant among females. However, some men are often ashamed of reporting such cases for fear of being ridiculed in their respective societies and this is the reason why some of these cases go unreported. Men usually feel inferior if they are raped by women especially tho se who come from patriarchal societies. There are several negative consequences of rape cases among different people who are victims. People who are forced into sex are often traumatized by the horrific experience they go through. For instance, minors often experience psychological problems that will affect their growth and development if they are raped and threatened with death. At the end of the day, these young people often suffer in silence but this affects their normal growth and development. In most cases, children who are victims of rape often behave in a queer manner such that they may perform dismally in their studies at school. If these children are not properly counseled, they may not develop in a normal way. This can in turn impact negatively

Intimate Partner Violence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Intimate Partner Violence - Term Paper Example Sociologists argue that social conditions develop into social problems through a process referred to as social constructionism as stated by Loseke (2003). Societal reactions are important from this approach and they emerge from the media, religious groups, social organizations just to name but a few. These reactions play a key role in transforming public awareness. Social conditions turn into social problems when the concerned parties are actively involved in raising awareness in the society. This outlook on social problems is significant as it gives a theoretical framework to assist in understanding the discovery, definition and the degree of IPV in the UK and around the globe (Barnet, Miller- Perrin and Perrin, 2005). It also helps to explain the cross-cultural variation in reference to domestic violence and how the debate how evolved over the years. There are important terms that are discussed in relation to this approach. These are claims, claims-making, claims-makers and claims- competitions. The term claim making refers to the actions of individuals or activities of groups making statements and claims or complaints regarding some acknowledged condition (Barnet, Miller- Perrin and Perrin, 2005). In general, this process starts when members of the concerned groups who are in other words known as claim makers express their grievances and consider something as being unacceptable (Barnet, Miller- Perrin and Perrin, 2005). Claims are mainly one sided issues that the claim makers contend against such as drug abuse and domestic violence (Barnet, Miller- Perrin and Perrin, 2005). They comparatively involve unbalanced power on the... This paper stresses that relationships between partners were not widely discussed and cases of violence were not reported. The society was highly patriarchal and the decisions were made by men however, things have changed. Domestic violence was recognized with the feminism wave whereby women stood up and fought for their rights and against all forms of violence. Domestic violence related deaths have been on the rise and its effects more devastating hence the claim- makers were able to create awareness and appeal to their audience. This led to the transformation of domestic violence as a social problem. This report makes a conclusion that the claims about the IPV emerged after the feminism wave as women had learnt about their rights. They were more aggressive in demanding equal treatment with their male counterparts. The claims of the claims-makers resonate with broader cultural worries at the time. The claims-makers succeed in capturing the attention of audiences and in persuading them to accept their claims, while the majority of conditions that could be called social problems remain marginalized and unexamined. This is owing to the changing attitudes in society and the effect of globalization that results to emergence of contemporary values that are against domestic violence. IPV is here to stay and more efforts need to be made by the claim makers to control its levels globally. There have been positive changes made by society to eradicate IPV and the future is not easy for the claim- maker if at all the fight against it is to be won.

Smoking should not be allowed at public places Essay

Smoking should not be allowed at public places - Essay Example According to the 2003 poll conducted by MORI in London, 40% of the interviewees concurred that smoking should not be allowed in a restaurant, a public place; 54% wanted separation of smoking and non-smoking zones. The most striking fact was that only 4% were indifferent to the location or exposure to smoking. In another separate research on Edinburgh residents, 58% were in favor of banning smoking in public places while only 28% opposed the move (City of Edinburgh Council, 1). Smoking pollutes the environment by releasing toxic components to the atmosphere. Even though it is the right of smoker to have cigarettes, a clean environment on the other hand is a necessity for humanity. A ban on public smoking- no matter how- may seem unfair to smokers, it will ensure that people live in a clean environment by reducing pollution, and nonsmokers’ rights are taken into consideration. Over the weekends and in vacations, most parents do prefer to spend their time with their children in public places. What happens in a case whereby people smoke in such recreational or public places? The answer is almost obvious; Children learn by imitation, and would actually try to act out what they see or observed happening in their surroundings. Therefore, the presence of smokers in such localities is bad influence to children and may introduce them to smoking at early ages. As precautious measure, the state government should ban smoking in public places. Most chain smokers spend most of their money and time in cigarettes. Therefore, banning smoking in public places would result in limiting the frequency at which such people smoke. This will not only result in saving money and time that can be invested elsewhere in a more profitable manner but also help the state to reduce the average health problems arising directly from smoking. It is very hard for non-smokers to entertain the disgustful scent that arises as a

The Role of Trade Unions in the United Kingdom Essay

The Role of Trade Unions in the United Kingdom - Essay Example The conditions in these factories were harsh and the employees worked for long hours for very low pay. The workers did not accept these conditions and this resulted in trade dispute. The workers came together and resolved the one-off problems at work. This gave birth to trade unions. However, one of the challenges that are being faced by the 21st century trade union is redefining and reviving the traditional roles of trade unions. For instance, the UK has almost 200 certified independent trade unions, although the members have been reducing due to recent amalgamations. Howell (2009:19) defines a trade union as an organization that is comprised of members who are workers whose main aim is to protect the interests of its members. The trade unions core priority is protecting and enhancing people pay packages as well as the conditions of employment. Moreover, they are also tasked with campaigning or laws and polices that would be beneficial to the working people. Trade unions have been i n existence since an individual worker has very little power to affect the decisions that are made in relation to his or her job. Therefore, by combining with other worker there is a more chance of a significant voice and influence. The paper is going to critically discuss the changing trade union agendas and priorities. The major services that are provided by trade unions to its members are representation and negotiation. However, they are other benefits that individuals are accrued to from being members of trade unions which include provision of information and advice, and member services. Discussion Emerging trends and trade unions agenda Trade unions as noted by Wrigley (2002:82-90) play a number of roles including negotiating pay and employment conditions, offering advice and information such as financial and legal advice, defending the rights of the employees, negotiating bonuses for attaining set targets, resolving conflict, accompanying the union members to grievance and dis ciplinary meetings and lastly, offering services to members. In the last two decades trade unions have been faced with major political and economic change. There also have been a dramatic change in the in the type of jobs that people perform and the kind of industries they work in have also changed. The manufacturing sector which traditionally used to be the most crucial industries has shrunk tremendously translating in low union membership. On the other hand, new sectors like finance and voluntary sectors have become important to the global economy (Undy, 2008). Traditionally trade unions were shaped by existence of a normal employment relationship that involved a full-time job with a particular employer and typical degree of long-term stability. However, due to globalization and industrialization of economies, in cases that previously cushioned from external shocks, have now become subject to the fluctuations of the global markets (Checchi & Lucifora, 2002). People are now being e mployed on part-time and contractual basis thus has no way of joining trade unions. Furthermore, in some countries there has been a growing unwillingness from the employers to accept trade unions as collective representatives of their employees. With the recent changes in the labour market, trade unions in order to survive and thrive have reasserted the rights of labour in ways which let them to recapture the advantage in the battle of ideas. Since organizational strength without ideology is like form without content, numerous trade movements are suffering organizational weakness,

Discuss what skills might be required from managers to cultivate and Essay - 1

Discuss what skills might be required from managers to cultivate and foster creativity and innovation in workforce. Use examples to illustrate your discussion - Essay Example It is only by realigning its goals and its operations to the changing economic conditions that an organization can continue being successful. In this regard, it reaming that managers should be competent with regard to managing change, bit within the organization and the change without the organization in order to remain competitive. These laws explain how acts by individual people with self interest lead to foreseeable results in the market. The laws define how competition is as a result of the individual people trying to achieve their own self interests. This competition then acts as the basis on which products are availed to the society. Competition, according to these laws creates a regulatory environment where the producers will have to confine themselves within these rules that come naturally from the competition forces, or they will be thrown out of the market. These producers are only motivated by profit and the only thing that can draw the boundary on how much they will exploit the society is Competition. Competition, according to Adam smith, does more than just regulate these producers, it pushes them towards meeting the society’s needs by forcing them to continually innovate products and goods that the society wants. Through this mechanism of Competition, the society subconsciously allocates, and reallocates the means of production to suit its needs. This leads to what Adam Smith referred to as the self regulating properties of the market. The constant need for economic growth leads to the need for constant change. Economic growth is a basic need in any society because the society wants to be able to meets its new needs to survive. As the society grown in terms of numbers, new challenges arrive and they must be dealt with. For instance, with increased population, more resources such as food, is required to keep the society fed. This would require better ways to produce food,

Workplace Bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Workplace Bullying - Essay Example It is important to understand workplace bullying because it involves the issue of self-esteem and other psychological considerations. It is in line with this that the proponent of this paper tries to find out the characteristics of workplace bullying prior to understanding it in detail. Furthermore, the proponent tries to find some preventive measures that an organization can actually do about workplace bullying. Characteristics of workplace bullying In order to understand the characteristics of workplace bullying, it is important to understand first the characteristics of bullies and their victim. Perpetrators in the workplace bullying are commonly found to be higher in rank than the target (Tuckey, Dollard, Hosking & Winefield, 2009). This result consists of different implications but the most triggering one is the inclusion of power. Thus, this definitely suggests that a boss can be a perfect person to be identified as one of the workplace bullies. However, the daily work interact ion does not only happen between a boss and the workers, but with their co-workers. This means that bullying literally happens among co-workers themselves. The perpetrators of the victim in the workplace bullying in this case may be powerful enough that the latter could not resist from being harm. The perpetrator may have potential influence or power allowing him to create more allies in the workplace bullying. This was critically presented from the ‘Glee’ where two professors are making fun of the strange-looking soccer football coach. The other professor was so dominating and has the influence to find for her allies against someone else. Thus, it is clear in this case that workplace bullying has become aggravated by attempting to create a group against the victim. The bullying becomes so intense and powerful in this case which is enough to destroy one’s morale or self-esteem. Bullying therefore cannot have substantial strength against its victim if it has no en ough power or consolidated force which would be enough to harm one’s emotional make up. This power which is generated when one or two bullies come into unison is so strong that it would be enough to destroy emotional stability of a person. Workplace bullying therefore is trying to create extreme pleasure at the expense of the victims. This is a self-centered view of looking at happiness or pleasure by not taking into account what the others might feel or experience. There is no thinking of undesirable impacts in workplace bullying at the point of view of the bullies, but it is just about to fulfill their longing for fun or pleasure at the expense of their victim. This can be considered as work violence because one’s emotional stability has been harmed. There is harm involved in here though not physically but emotionally considering that there are different personalities combined together in order to create a strong effort to destroy one’s emotional stability. It is in line with this that it is important to understand different personalities of bullies. Kohut was able to identify different characteristics of a bullying boss or co-worker and these include different personalities such as narcissistic, antisocial, ASPD, antisocial narcissist, PPD, histrionic, borderline, obsessive-compulsive, dependent, schizoid, and avoidant (2008). It is therefore implied that in order to determine the degree of workplace bullying is to understand the behaviors and personalities of bullies and of the victim. Workplace bullying therefore is characterized by the inclusion of different extreme human personalities and behaviors that stand as important factors in order to effectively

Theoretical relationships between market structure and bank Essay

Theoretical relationships between market structure and bank performance - Essay Example Besides, most banking institutions are failing to engage with customers due to the rising competition from other customers. As opposed to this, it remains the duty of the bank to re- arrange itself in order to beat the other competitive banks in the market. For instance such a bank needs to sell its services well to its potential clients outside through sales representatives ( Gutek, Barbara, & Theresa, 2000). The market structure is normally very sensitive for any institution to sell its services to the publics. The banking institutions at time sell customer products and services they do not comprehend. This makes it easier for banks to really charge these services rather than focus on customer needs which is the most important aspect in the market. High concentration in market encourages organizations to collude. A bank in a more concentrated market will earn higher profits than a bank operating in a less concentrated area ( Etro,2009). In order a bank to know the relation that exi sts between market structure and their performance it should employ or investigate the effects that are caused by changes in the structure or formation of the market. There are two theories that are used to explain how a bank can determine its profitability and understand better its relation with the market structure. They are namely; the structure-conduct- performance (SCP) and the efficient-structure (E-S) hypotheses. The bank will also use the following measures to evaluate the banks performance; return on asset (ROA), return on capital and return on capital ( Baligh, 1997). Structure-conduct-performance theory Structure-conduct -theory determines the degree of a firn’s performance....Most banks may therefore end up in lobbying in order to stop or delay the success of any competitive policy. The market power may however be lost if banking institutions establish non-competitive prices in their products and services. This theory mainly uses market share to measure efficient structure hypothesis. This hypothesis is negatively related with profitability. Market power is the ability of a company to control the prices in the market by manipulating the demand or the supply of goods and services or both. The ability of a company to control prices can have a negative effect on the bank performance due to lower interest rates that will have to be charged on the clients when acquiring loans from the commercial banks. This is due to monopoly in provision o services and goods which money supply low ( Etro,2009). â€Å"Quiet life hypothesis† indicates that the banks tend to enjoy the market power through foregone revenues and the savings on the costs, while the â€Å"efficient structure hypothesis† describes companies are able to make bigger profits into the company than their competitors due to maximum efficiency and not sales or provision of services.

A metaphor is a literary Essay Example for Free

A metaphor is a literary Essay A metaphor is a literary device that is used by writers as a descriptive alternative to the use of adjectives, similes or other methods to describe the nature of the object described. Metaphors describe an item as if it were another item, drawing parallels between the subject of the description and the object actually being described. (Sucham, 7) In writing about organizations, there is a standard set of metaphors typically engaged. As organizations are typically complex systems, the use of metaphor to describe their design and process is a common tool for elucidation of the subject. (Sucham, 8) Commonly, the metaphor applied to organizations is that of the living organism. (Sucham, 8) It is possible to draw parallels between many of the elements of a living being and those of an organization, such as a large business. (Sucham, 9) The central component of any complex organism is the brain. (Levine, 244) The brain is responsible for receiving the environmental and internal input from the organism and its surroundings, formulating functional explanations for the phenomena, plotting a course of action, and conveying the instructions to the other parts of the organism to execute. (Levine, 245) In a large organization, the brain is represented by the company’s president and/or board of directors. (Levine, 245) Like the brain of the organism, this element of the organization receives and interprets information, formulates plans, and issues directives throughout the organization. (Levine, 246) As in an organism, any damage or defect in the brain will severely damage the functionality of the organization. (Levine, 246) As blood is the essential element of the circulatory system, so is money essential to the organization. (Blunck, 422) Like blood, money must flow into and out of the various parts of the organization in order to ensure their health. (Blunck, 423) An interruption of blood flow can compromise organs in an organism; an interruption of capital can do the same for an organization. (Blunck, 423) As is the case with the organization, in most organisms, a disproportionate amount of blood is required to maintain the brain. (Blunck, 424) A marketing division of a company acts as the sensory input mechanism for an organization. (Blunck, 426) Like the eyes and other senses, market research gives the executive â€Å"brain† important information about its environment. (Blunck, 426) The marketing department can produce information about what elements in the organizational environment are, or could potentially cause harm to the organization. (Blunck, 427) Similarly, the senses offer the brain information about environmental threats or opportunities for advantage or growth. (Blunck, 427) Like the senses, the marketing department of an organization can be a key element in targeting important priorities for the organization. (Blunck, 427) In communicating these observations and findings to the brain/executive, marketing can give useful information as to the course of action most beneficial for the organization or company. (Blunck, 428) Human resources and training departments can serve an organization in a manner similar to how the digestive system serves an organism. (Blunck, 429) Like the digestive system, HR takes material from outside the organization and brings it to the inside of the organization. The department is vital in ensuring that those items taken into the organization will help build it to be strong and healthy. (Blunck, 430) The HR system also expels waste and armful elements from the organizational body by terminating the employment of unusable or toxic personnel. (Blunck, 430) Training is another component of the HR digestive track. Training takes the raw components taken in by HR and shapes them into products that can be of immediate and direct use to the organizational organisms. In organizations, as in organisms, a great deal of conversion is necessary to turn the â€Å"food† of the organism into the nutritional components that contribute to the growth and health of the organization. (Blunck, 430) The Information Technology department of any organization acts as the central nervous system. A complicated and often delicate structure, IT is vital in the area of communication within the organization. (Blunck, 431) As in an organism, IT or nerve failure can result in negative consequences that can be as trivial as minor discomfort in a small area, or as massive as corporate paralysis. The decision-makers in an organization rely upon the information conducted to it by the IT nervous system, and are unlikely to act in the absence of information. (Blunck, 431) If they choose to do so, the results are often catastrophic. A breakdown of the nervous system can similarly cause the components of an organism to behave in a destructive or non-productive manner. (Blunck, 431) Nerve damage can result not only in paralysis, but also in flailing, intermittent shutdowns, and other destructive activities to the organism. As a metaphor for a large organization, the living organism is useful and apt. Certainly, as with any literary device, it is possible to abuse the metaphor to the extent that it no longer applies, but in the case of the organization, the interaction of the components and parts is sufficiently complex to be described as an organism. (Sucham, 12) Successful organizations, like healthy organisms, rely upon a delicate balance and good performance of several elements, each of these vital to the â€Å"health† of the overall construct. Work Cited Blunck, P. (1994) â€Å"From a Rational Structure to a Socio-Technical System: A Whole-Mind Metaphor for Organizational Change†. A Review of General Semantics, Vol. 51, No. 4. Pg. 422-431. 1994 Levine, D. (1995) â€Å"The Organism Metaphor in Sociology† Social Research, Vol. 62, No. 2. pg. 244-271. 1995. Suchan, J. (1995) â€Å"The Influence of Organizational Metaphors on Writers Communication Roles and Stylistic Choices† The Journal of Business Communication, Vol. 32, No. 1. pg. 7- 13. 1995

Relationship Between Law And Ethics In Islam

Relationship Between Law And Ethics In Islam I would like to start my analysis by posing a few questions about this relationship to stimulate our thoughts. Are law and ethics identical or non-identical in Islam? Are ethics derived from law or is this relationship vice versa? Are they both derived from the same sources? If yes, then are they separate or do they supplement each other? What I found after my analysis is that law and ethics in Islam are complementary. They come from the same sources and they serve to complete each other like a body and its soul. The main source of law and ethics in Islam is Allahs (s.w.t) will in the Quran, the exemplary life of the Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.), analogical reasoning and consensus. To analyze in depth the relationship between ethics and law in Islam, we should analyze the Fiqh and Sharia, in light of their connection with both ethics and law. Firstly, Fiqh relates the religious conduct with both law and the human moral life by stating that the human conduct should be understood through Quran and Hadith and then formulating moral and legal norms according to that. These norms, that have two joint components, the moral and the legal one, unite together to make what we call a Hukm in Islam. In this sense, the jurists and judges in Islam judge actions through Hukm which is basically based on morality and legislation. In other words, Quran places the acts in its proper moral context and informs the scholars about its Hukm. Hadith is the second source of law in Fiqh, and it represents the exemplary life of the Prophet, a life that has been lived in accordance with the best morals. From the exemplary moral acts and sayings of the prophet, a bunch of Islamic laws have been formulated. Secondly, when we hear the word Sharia, the first thing that comes to our mind is a bundle of rules and authoritative commandments combined together to make the law of God. However, when we deepen our study and sight into Sharia, we find that Sharia is not only a law, but it is a moral way that we should adopt in order to lead the ethical life. In addition, both civil and criminal justice, as well as the regulation of individual conduct (personal and moral), come under the rubric of Sharia. Thus it is evident that Sharia is a law and a code of ethics at the same time, and either of these individual components does not have any value on its own. Hence, law and ethics are extensively intertwined, compatible and complimentary i n Fiqh and Sharia. Historically, one of the most important questions in law and in ethics is what ought to or not to be done. The answers for this question would compose the largest part of ethics and law. The answers are also what comprise obligation in Islam. Let us analyze this obligation in the light of ethics and law in Islam. In order to determine the obligation, an employing of rules or law is needed. The duties in Islam in accordance to these rules are widely presented through the fivefold theory, which classifies acts in moral and legal way. In Islam obligation in morality and obligation in law come from the same grounds (Quran and Hadith) and they overlap in their requirements. According to the fivefold theory, some obligations derive their force from the laws (the required and forbidden categories) and others derive from an attractive ideal of human nature and virtue (the recommended and discouraged categories). In other word, the fivefold theory makes a blend of law and ethics and uses it t o judge the human act. Suppose, if we were to remove the recommended and discouraged acts or the required and forbidden acts from this model, then the model will become totally inadequate according to the facts of morality or to the necessity of the law respectively. In my opinion, the fivefold model of duty in Islam is the best model to judge actions and to answer the original question: what ought to be done? And here we see what is really distinctive about the relationship between law and ethics in Islam is that they conjoin to make the perfect model that humanity has been in search of since the time of Socrates. Both law and ethics in Islam deal with obligations, human character, and righteous actions. Allah (s.w.t.) sent down in the Quran a corpus of commandments and rules that identify the obligations of human beings. The collection of these obligations is the first and biggest source of law in Islam. These obligations shape the human character as well, and guide him towards righteous actions. Righteous actions come under the studies of normative action in ethics which is basically a practical science and less of a theoretical science. However, Islamic law transacts with human action within two domains-the theory and the practice. What is important here is to distinguish whether the Islamic law forms the heart of Islamic ethics or is it the opposite case. What I found from the readings is that the Islamic law is a heart inside another heart, which is the Islamic ethics, and vice versa. Both of them are interlinked to the point that they can never be separated or dealt with individually. Yo u need one to complete the other. There are many non-Islamic notions of law and morality. We will first take a look at the theory of positivism that asks for separating law from morality. The theory claims that law is not a code of morality and that legal obligation should be apart from the moral ones. However, in Islam, Sharia consists equally of law and morality. Secondly, the idea that started in the west first and has now spread worldwide is the notion of separating religion from the state. It argues that the state should have its rules and law distinctive from religion. The obligation in this case is to the law of the state. The law of the state mostly is man-made and is known as positive law. This notion cannot work in the Islamic world unless Islamic law and ethics step aside. Islamic law and ethics is not only a few obligations like prayers and fasting, but a law for life that guides the human acts and conduct in every aspect and involves total submission to God. In general, many people think that law controls the people. However law, while being very important, is not enough by itself to control human life. On the other hand, ethics, if understood deeply, can control the lives of people and lead them to happiness. The truly just and virtuous society is the one that is based on conscience and ethics before looking at the law. The ethical responsibility is more inclusive than the legal one. Furthermore, ethics are stable and immutable but law can be changed and modified according to the legislations. Also ethics control ones internal conduct whereas law dictates the external behavior. Additionally, in ethics people do self-examination and in law, the legal supremacy is the examiner and calls people to account. Therefore, if society builds only on law, it cannot reach its true potential. Law is essential, but, the real significance belongs to ethics. Therefore in Islam, both ethics and law compose the commandments which refer to the requirement s of Quran and Hadith, and they jointly constitute the Sharia which is important in our contemporary time. Thus, from the Islamic perspective, both law and ethics are equally important to lead the human life to the ultimate happiness. Finally, it can be said that although Islamic law and ethics are well-matched, a few recommendations need to be followed to make it well equipped to tackle contemporary issues in medical law and bioethics. In order to deal with this, I highly recommend the establishment of an International Islamic Medical Law and Bioethical Academy. Secondly, since many medical and bioethical issues are still subject to scholarly debate, therefore it requires further detailed research in the light of medical research and Sharia rulings. Thirdly, I encourage introducing Islamic medical law and bioethics into the syllabi of different institutes teaching the health care sciences, and incorporating it into the curriculum at graduate and postgraduate level. Thus, Islamic law and Islamic ethics stand together as an important instance of a moral and legal theory that composes an attractive ideal for all of human life.

Physiological Effects Of Obesity Essay

Physiological Effects Of Obesity Essay Measuring body shape can be a rich data about health and the risk of disease. Measuring anthropometry manually could be time-consuming, only a few indexes of shape (e.g. body girths and their ratios) are used regularly in clinical practice or epidemiology, both of which still rely primarily on body mass index (BMI). Three-dimensional (3-D) body scanning provides high-quality digital information about shape. Obesity, on the other hand, is the accumulation of excess body fat, whereby a sizeable amount of adipose tissue goes untapped. Obesity results from the imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. This imbalance may be the result, individually or concomitantly, of excess caloric intake, decreased physical activity, metabolic disorders, and genetics (National Institutes of Health, 1998; Berg, 1993). Genetics are seen to influence whether an individual can become obese, while environment determines whether the individual actually does become obese, as well as the extent of the obesity (Meyer Stunkard, 1993).Obesity is a health disorder in which a person gains at least 20% of the usual body weight because of the increase in the fat cells (adipose tissues) in the body. This accumulation of excess fat causes serious threat to health. The adverse health conditions can lead to various physical and emotional problems. These include cardiac diseases, high pressure and even differe nt forms of cancers, apart from depression and diabetes. In recent times, obesity has become one of the vital health problems in the society. According to estimates, there are more than 1 billion obese people in the world. Generally, faulty food habits, excess intake of food and hormonal imbalance are the main causes of this disorder. 1.2 Symptoms of Obesity a) Excessive weight within a short period of time. He/she usually gains 4-5 kilos every month, such that the metabolism process becomes difficult to control. b) The chest area tends to look larger, especially in men as the body fat starts getting accumulated in that area at the initial stage. In women, fat gets accumulated in the waists, thigh, upper arms and breasts. This is a major symptom of obesity. c) The size of the abdomen tends to enlarge. At times, there are whitish marks on the abdomen areas due to the excess accumulation of fatty tissues. d) Another preliminary symptom is that the person tends to have shortness of breath. He cannot breathe properly because of the accumulation of excess fat in the chest area and below the diaphragm. e) Most people start suffering from indigestion due to an excess of abdominal fat. At the same, time, Urinary incontinence or urine leakage happens, mostly to women. Although most of this underreported, this can be taken as a serious symptom of obesity. Abdominal obesity is also marked by symptoms such as snoring and sleeps disturbances. f) One of the scientific ways of understanding obesity is by calculating the body mass index (BMI). It is the ratio of the persons height to weight. According to the World Health Organization, if the BMI is in the range of 25-29, a person is overweight and if the BMI is 30 and above, the person is considered to be obese. 1.3 Effects of obesity on human body The effects of obesity extend far beyond physical weight and related health problems. Obesity side effects can include a greater risk of mental health problems and low self-esteem. Social attitudes on obesity range from avoidance to outright discrimination and bullying. The effects of obesity on physical health are well documented. The Stanford Hospital (2010) reports obesity causes up to 300,000 premature deaths a year in the United States alone. Obesity health effects range from backaches and joint pain to life-threatening conditions. The following is a list of health conditions attributed to obesity. This list is by no means exhaustive; the effects of obesity on physical health care, unfortunately, many and varied. Physical disorders Obesity can cause serious physical disorders. It may lead to chronic diseases, disability and eventually death if not treated correctly and at the right time. Let us examine some of the physical effects of obesity. Decreased mobility It becomes difficult for obese people to move around. They often feel tired and breathless as they have much accumulation of fat in the chest, neck and associated areas of the body. There is a constant feeling of breathlessness and fatigue, which leads lack of activity and movement. Cardiac disease People who are obese generally have frequent chest pains and higher risks of heart attack. Congestive heart failure is also common for such people. At the same time, it is common for obese people to have high blood pressure compared to those who maintain a healthy body weight. Cancer It has been observed that obese people have an increased risk of certain cancers. These include cancers of the gall bladder, uterus, colon, prostrate and kidney, among others. Obese women are more prone to breast cancers in their mid-lives. Arthritis Obesity is strongly associated with joint pain and arthritis. It is common for obese men and women to have osteoarthritis, which is a joint disorder, causing ache and inflammation especially in areas such as lower backs, waists and knees. 1.4 Measurement of Obesity BMI is a measurement of body weight based on height and weight. Although BMI does not actually measure percentage of body fat, it is a useful tool to estimate a healthy body weight based on height. Due to its ease of measurement and calculation, it is the most widely used diagnostic indicator to identify a persons optimal weight depending on his height. BMI number will inform one if one is underweight, of normal weight, overweight, or obese. However, due to the wide variety of body types, the distribution of muscle and bone mass, etc., it is not appropriate to use this as the only or final indication for diagnosis. In adults, a BMI of 25 to 29.9kg/m2 means that person is considered to be overweight, and a BMI of 30kg/m2 or above means that person is considered to be obese. The use of BMI as a measure of body composition has met with some criticism (Blew, et al., 2002; Duerenberg, Yap van Staveren, 1998; Gallagher, et al., 1996; Prentice Jebb, 2001). Clinical and laboratory studies often employ more sophisticated measures of body composition and distribution, such as: measures of electrical impedance; underwater weighing; or circumference measures determining fat distribution via a waist to hip ratio. While these measures allow for a very detailed examination of body composition, they require specialized equipment and training to collect, and are not practical for large surveys. Notwithstanding, BMI has shown to be a relatively strong metric for body composition. Recent studies show that electrical impedance is not superior to BMI as a predictor of overall adiposity (Willett, et al., 2006) and in clinical samples, Ensrud and colleagues (1994) found the relationship between BMI and functioning to be stronger than that for waist to hip ratio and functio ning. 1.5 BMI Table for Adults This is the World Health Organizations (WHO) recommended body weight based on BMI values for adults. It is used for both men and women, age 18 or older. Category BMI range kg/m2 Severely underweight Underweight 16.5 18.5 Normal 18.5 25 Overweight 25 30 Obese Class I 30 35 Obese Class II 35 40 Obese Class III > 40 1.7 Ethnicity Analyses have revealed significant differences in size and body shape between ethnic groups and social categories within the US population, and have further demonstrated significant differences in body shape between US and UK white adults. These differences may prove to play a key role in accounting for differences in morbidity and mortality between these populations and social groups. (Table1.2) Table 1.2 Body shape in American and British adults: between country and inter-ethnic comparisons Comments Wells et al. (2007) Adults17+ yrs from UK (3907M and 4710F white), and from USA (1744M and 3329F, 709M and 1106F African and 639M and 839F Hispanic). Two National Sizing Surveys, SizeUK and SizeUSA, were conducted using identical instrumentation, study design and recruitment strategy. All Outcomes (except height) adjusted for height P In USA, socio-economic status was associated with increasing height and decreasing waist girth in white and Hispanic, but not African Americans. Compared to white British, white Americans had larger weight and girths, especially waist girth in men. Long Study population, some subjects may withdraw before the end of study, Lynch et al. (2006) 5,115, by ethnicity (Black/White), sex, age (18-24years/25-30 years). Body size judgments were obtained using the Stunkard figure rating scale. Black men (p Black men were slightly younger, and had higher BMIs than White participants. Stunkard scale was for White persons, may not be good for Black persons. Pepper et al (2010) 70 women evaluated for waist and hip circumference and waist: hip ratio via laser scanner and tape measure. In a subset of 34 participants, 8 repeated measures of laser scanning were performed for reproducibility analysis. Interclass correlation coefficient .992, p Evaluation of waist and hip circumferences measured by body scanning did not differ significantly from tape measure (p > 0.05). Small study population 1.8 Causes of Obesity Obesity does not just happen overnight, it develops gradually from poor diet and lifestyle choices and, to some extent, from ones genes (the units of genetic material inherited from ones parents). Lifestyle choices are an important factor in influencing your weight. Eating more calories than you need may be down to unhealthy food choices. For example, unhealthy food choices could be: eating processed or fast food that is high in fat, not eating fruit, vegetables and unrefined carbohydrates, such as wholemeal bread and brown rice, drinking too much alcohol alcohol contains a lot of calories, and heavy drinkers are often overweight, and eating out a lot as you may have a starter or dessert in a restaurant, and the food can be higher in fat and sugar, eating larger portions than you need you may be encouraged to eat too much if your friends or relatives are also eating large portions, and comfort eating if you feel depressed or have low self-esteem you may comfort eat to make yourself feel better. Lack of physical activity is another important factor that is related to obesity. Many people have jobs that involve sitting at a desk for most of the day, and rely heavily on their cars to get around. When it is time to relax, people tend to watch TV, or play computer games, and rarely take any regular exercise. If you are not active enough, you do not use up the energy provided by the food you eat, and the extra calories are stored as fat instead. Some people tend to stay the same weight for years without much effort, whereas others find they put on weight quickly if they are not careful about what they eat. This could be due, in part, to your genes. Some genetic conditions can increase your appetite, so you end up eating too much. There are also genes that determine how much fat your body stores. A particular genetic variation could mean that your body is more likely to store fat than somebody else. 1.9 Patterns of Obesity in the Population The composition of the body and how fat is stored changes with age, and different metabolic and hormonal factors influence body fat accumulation throughout the life spectrum (Schwartz, 1995; Beaufrere Morio, 2000). In cross-sectional studies, peak values of BMI are observed in the age range 50-59 in both men and women, with gradual declines in BMI after age 60 (Flegal, et al., 1998; Hedley, et al., 2004;), although premature mortality of the obese may influence these cross-sectional relationships (Williamson, 1993). Rates of overweight and obesity in longitudinal studies generally increase with age until age 75, when there is a small drop (Flegal, et al., 1998;). Men are more likely than women to be overweight, but women are more likely to be obese, especially with BMIs greater than 35 (Hedley, et al., 2004). Differences in overweight and obesity rates for women vary starkly by race and ethnicity but are not as apparent for men (Flegal, et al., 1998; Hedley, et al., 2004). According to the National Center for Health Statistics analysis of NHANES data (Hedley, et al., 2004), 77.5 percent of Black women are overweight, compared to 71.4 percent of Mexican women and 57 percent of White women. The prevalence of obesity is similarly skewed with the rates for Black, Mexican and White women at 49.6 percent, 38.9 percent and 31.3 percent, respectively. In fact, over 10 percent of middle-aged Black women have BMIs greater than 40 (Flegal, et al., 1998). 1.10 Relationship of Body Size to Mortality and Disease It is well established that overweight and obesity are significantly related to higher rates of several chronic health conditions including diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, coronary heart disease, arthritis, and certain types of cancer (Mokdad, et al., 2003; Flegal, et al., 2007). The relationship between obesity and mortality has been less definitive, but recent research has documented a stronger association than years past. 1.11 Relationship of Body Size to Functional Status The shape comparison of average women obtained from 3 different surveys gives an indication of the profound changes that have occurred in anthropometry over the last half-century. The average UK woman has increased substantially in weight and body girths since 1951 (Kemsley, 1957), gaining 16 cm in WC despite being only 4 cm taller. The average contemporary US woman has even greater waist and weight than her UK counterpart, despite being 3 cm shorter. As is well recognized, the US population began the trend toward obesity earlier than did European populations, and, without progress in obesity prevention, the UK population is likely to continue to expand in weight and girths. In cross-sectional analyses, obese individuals tend to have an increased prevalence of both upper and lower body functional limitations (Apovian, et al., 2002), and the relationship between obesity and limitations appears to be slightly higher for elderly women than elderly men (Davison, et al., 2002). Longitudinal studies find that these relationships hold for the onset of limitations as well (Ferraro, et al., 2002; Himes, 2000; Jenkins, 2004). Excess weight adds stress to the skeleton and weight-bearing joints, increasing the likelihood of arthritis and joint problems. Physiologically, excess weight leads to increased insulin resistance, damages connective tissues and leads to atherogenesis. It is hypothesized that these changes can lead to decreased functioning (Ferraro Booth, 1999). Obesity may also limit physical activity, depriving individuals of the benefits of exercise and leading to the development of limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as climbing stairs, getting out of bed, or going shopping. 1.12 Aim and Objectives Aim and objectives are to study the physiological effects of obesity and 3D body scanning. To study UCL population in conjunction with Wellbeing UCL survey To examine available data from UCL Wellbeing survey To statistically analyse data obtained To evaluate the data To make deductions from these data about the effect of obesity on the physiological parameters have looked at. To conclude with implication of my findings

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

Fate and Destiny in The Iliad The Iliad portrays fate and destiny as supreme and ultimate forces. The Iliad presents the question of who or what is finally responsible for a man's destiny, yet the answers to this question are not quite clear. In many instances, it seems that man has no control over his fate and destiny, but at other points, it seems as if a man's fate lies in the consequences of his actions and decisions. Therefore, The Iliad reveals a man sometimes controls his destiny. In The Iliad the god's fate is controlled much in the same way as a mortal's, except for one major difference, the immortals cannot die and therefore do not have a destiny. Immortal's lives may not be judged because they have not and will not die. The gods are able to manipulate mortal's fate but not their own directly. In Book I, the plague is a result of the upsetting of Apollo. The gods produce situations over trivial things, such as forgetting a sacrifice or, in this case, insulting Chryses. The gods have temper tantrums, and they switch sides quickly and without consideration. One day they protect the Achaeans, the nextt day the Trojans. The gods play favorites with no sense at all of any of the moral or political issues involved in the war. Zeus does what he can, but the others behave as though they were better than all the rest, in more ways than one. They have no compassion for their own kind, and their concern for man is even less. Occasionally, the gods will show c oncern for one of their favorites when he is having a bad time, but it is very rare. This attitude is the result of their own vindictiveness against humanity and man's own tendency to irrational behavior or carelessness in worshipping the gods. But more often than not, men find themselves fighting a force beyond their control. The opening statement of The Iliad contains the phrase "the will of Zeus," and this reflects the Greek's belief that man is in the grip of forces that he cannot control. It is also another way of saying that all things are fated and out of the hands of man. Book XXII shows that the gods control the fates of man: But once they reached the springs for the fourth time,

Lord of the Flies - Savagery Essay -- English Literature Essays

Lord of the Flies - Savagery â€Å"There are too many people, and too few human beings.† (Robert Zend) Even though there are many people on this planet, there are very few civilized people. Most of them are naturally savaged. In the book, Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, boys are stranded on an island far away, with no connections to the adult world. These children, having no rules, or civilization, have their true nature exposed. Not surprisingly, these children’s nature happens to be savagery. Savagery can clearly be identified in humans when there are no rules, when the right situation arouses, and finally when there is no civilization around us. Without rules, savagery takes over. Without rules, man is free to do whatever he desires. Meaning, their true nature will be exposed. That nature is surely savagery. For example, when you watch little kids, you tend to notice that if one has a toy, the other will start a fight just to get a toy. Since the kids don’t know the difference between rights and wrong, they’re just expressing themselves naturally, which happens to be savagery. Here is a quote from Golding from chapter 4 of his book that proves that rules are the basis to civilization. â€Å"Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw. Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and scho...

Andrew Jackson :: Biography Biographies

Andrew Jackson There have been many arguments made about President Andrew Jackson. A war hero, standing tall and strong, he tried to represented the idea of reform in government and in the American ways. Jackson is often credited to be one of the United States’ greatest presidents, but there are many powerful reasons for doubting that claim. From the beginning, in 1824, Jackson has tried to do what is best for our nation, but evidence like the spoils system, Trail of Tears, and the Bank veto, has shown that in fact most of what he accomplished is now looked on as only causing problems for the Untied States as a whole. With the presidency of Jackson came the spoils system, which in theory is rewarding political supporters with public office. While this basic idea is â€Å" as old as politics,† (The American Pageant p.271) it is Jackson that extended the system to involve more of the common person. In theory, this would re-enforce loyalties as well as making it possible for politics to become a full-time career. Instead it made government positions more about the spoils than the responsibilities. The seventh president created the idea of â€Å"rotation in office.† Jackson was trying to make â€Å"clean sweeps† in the government, cleaning out the ex-president Adams and his â€Å"dishonest† supporters like Clay. In the end, he only dismissed one-fifth of the old corrupt government leaving nine thousand out of the original eleven thousand in office. His system not only didn’t succeed in cleaning the government but it was a demoralizing practice that reached a national scale. Citizens were discouraged from entering public service because of the insecurity now found in holding such positions. Jackson made the holding official positions in government a matter of what could this person do for Jackson’s presidency and not the question of what he could do for their country. Jackson’s system was inevitably accompanied by scandal. Men openly began to buy their government positions. â€Å"Illiterates, incompetents, and plain crooks were given positions of public trust,† (p.272) and officials were more interested in the spoils of the office rather than the duties. A perfect example of the corruption that Jackson brought to the government is Samuel Swartwout. He was awarded the high salaried post of collector of customs in New York. Nine years later he left the United States with more than a million dollars.

The International Baccalaureate Program Education Essay

Education and life of the twenty-first Century in an interdependent and globalized universe require an ability to believe critically and to hold an internationally orientative believing – is that pupils learn to understand the International Baccalaureate Program. Campaigners for the International Baccalaureate Diploma in the last two old ages of high school take six IB classes.A In add-on, they must run into the demands of International Baccalaureate CORE, which include: Theory of Knowledge class, composing an drawn-out essay of 4,000 words and the testing of 150 hours of preparation services. International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme is a 2 twelvemonth educational plan. It is created for the pupils aged 16 – 19, and it provides an internationally recognized making for entry into higher instruction. This programme is besides recognized by universities around the universe. International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme is administered by the International Baccalaureate and it is taught in one of three linguistic communications – English, Gallic or Spanish. If pupils want to take part in International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, pupils must go to International Baccalaureate School. International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme pupils complete appraisal in six topics. Although the International Baccalaureate encourages pupils to prosecute the full sheepskin, International Baccalaureate significant load requires a batch of committednesss and enterprises, If they want to but pupils may take to register one or more separate entities International Baccalaure ate without basic demands. Such pupils will non have the full sheepskin. The International Baccalaureate plan is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have International Baccalaureate Diploma or Certificate. Contentss page Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Body 6 Decision 12 Mentions and bibliography 14 Introduction Educational Program International Baccalaureate ( International Baccalaureate ) was founded in Switzerland in the late 60-ies as a cosmopolitan school plan with a common course of study that would let schools in one state to see instruction received in another state, tantamount to the national.A As the distribution of the plan IB Diploma ( alleged sheepskin IB, in fact – certification of school ) have come to acknowledge the taking universities in the world.A Now in the USA, Canada, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, France, Norway, Sweden and some other states, pupils with such attestations shall take into universities without entryway examinations.A Today Programme International Baccalaureate can larn from school in 1020 100 countries.A The fastest turning figure of schools in the U.S.A As a regulation, in all states schools, practicians trained in this theoretical account, are among the best.A This means, that the degree of secondary instruction provided in schools IB, above the national standard.A The IB plan exists to give pupils the cognition and accomplishments needed in life to everyone, irrespective of profession, every bit good as the accomplishments of societal adaptation.A Within the model of primary accent on academic accomplishments, the ability to believe critically, independent work skills.A Through this attack, the pupils increased motive and involvement in cognition, and therefore performance.A The IB plan is designed for two years.A The specific course of study may change from school to school, but in general is as follows.A Education is one of the three working linguistic communications of the IB: English, Gallic or Spanish ( but may be learning their native linguistic communication, native and universe literature in the national linguistic communication ) .A The footing of the plan – the survey of six topics that a pupil chooses.A Subjects of the plan are taught at two degrees: â€Å" advanced † ( Higher degree ) and â€Å" standard † ( Standard degree ) .A The first involves the scrutiny of subject in the sum of 240 preparation hours, the 2nd – 150 hours.A In the â€Å" advanced † degree study three or four topics, as a regulation necessary for him to acquire into college. The Extended Essay, which is a compulsory nucleus constituent for the International Baccalaureate Diploma ProgrammeA ( IBDP ) , is a research paper that gives pupils the chance to to carry on independent research or probe on a subject that involvements them. The Extended Essay demands a batch of creativeness and ain involvement during creative activity of the essay on the subject that is the most of import for the individual. The Extended Essay is a really utile constituent of the International Baccalaureate, because it prepares pupils to go competitory in our ambitious universe. An drawn-out essay is utile for the pupils because in some manner it can assist develop new accomplishments and to open possibilities and generate thoughts. Writing an drawn-out essay helps pupils to happen out about themselves, research something they have of all time wanted and to look into on a subject that has been interesting to them. The intent of the drawn-out essay, to give pupils an chance to: aˆ? carry oning independent research on the subject focal point ; aˆ? development of scientific research and communicating accomplishments ; aˆ? developing accomplishments of originative and critical thought ; aˆ? engagement in a systematic procedure of research related to the subject ; aˆ? Experience exhilaration of rational find. Education and life of the twenty-first Century in an interdependent and globalized universe require an ability to believe critically and to hold an internationally orientative believing – is that pupils learn to understand the International Baccalaureate Program. Campaigners for the IB Diploma in the last two old ages of high school take six IB classes.A In add-on, they must run into the demands of IB CORE, which include: Theory of Knowledge class, to compose an drawn-out essay of 4,000 words and trial of 150 hours of preparation services throughout the ( CAS ) . The Extended Essay, which is a compulsory nucleus constituent for the International Baccalaureate Diploma ProgrammeA ( IBDP ) , is a research paper that gives pupils the chance to carry on independent research or probe on a subject that involvements them. The Extended Essay demands a batch of creativeness and ain involvement during creative activity of the essay on the subject that is the most of import for the individual. The Extended Essay is a really utile constituent of the International Baccalaureate, because it prepares pupils to go competitory in our ambitious universe. The Extended Essay gives the pupil an chance to research an academic subject in deepness, doing it among the most valued constituents of the IB course of study. With the Extended Essay, every pupil has the chance to look into a subject of his specific involvement. IB – a plan for two old ages, after which pupils receive the IB International Baccalaureate which is recognized and accepted by universities in the UK and other countries.A Courses at the IB plan are offered in 40 public and private schools and colleges in the UK and besides in 930 schools and colleges in 105 countries.A International Baccalaureate plan can be an attractive option to A-level plan for academically gifted pupils who are looking for a more complete, complex and interesting curriculum.A It includes linguistic communications, mathematics, humanistic disciplines and natural scientific disciplines, originative things. Students perform supervisory work in the procedure of acquisition, and at the terminal of the program.A These trial documents are checked by testers of IB plans around the universe. Grades for each category ranged from 1 to 7.A Students who have received a sum of 24 to 45 points, are entitled to have IB Diploma.A The programme is hard and interesting for both pupils and instructors. This complex and interesting plan requires the full committedness of motivated pupils and teachers.A Schools are required to continuously re-evaluation and betterment, utilizing the criterions and guidelines used by all IB schools in the world.A Besides, pupils must go through strong comprehensive classs: A Theory of Knowledge ( TOK ) – â€Å" The Theory of Knowledge † .A This class of philosophical program, a kind of theory of research, methods and theoretical accounts of comprehension of the new.A In short, these lessons are taught to larn and non afraid to reason in the hunt for truth, here gives a base for learning.A The class besides teaches pupils to compose an essay to reason his point of position, to give definitions and formulate hypotheses, intelligently discuss.A Creativity, Action, Service ( CAS ) – â€Å" Creativity, action, service † .A Creativity may include release of the school newspaper, composing a book for the Christmas tree, etc.A Action – is a athletics, dancing – in short, all the nomadic activities.A Serving the community – is any activity aimed to assist the disadvantaged, protecting the environment etc.A – From kids ‘s places to assist in the building of the church.A Participating in theatre, athleticss, societal work contributed to the fact that non merely uncover their endowments, but besides develop of import qualities such as heed, caring about others and ability to work in a team.A By the terminal of the plan, each pupil must compose a alleged â€Å" elaborate essay † ( Extended Essay ) sum of at least 4000 words.A This must be the kind of record of the self-conducted research on a chosen subject, which is performed under the counsel of a teacher.A This enables pupils to get the accomplishments of research.A One major difference between the plan IB – is first and foremost, the attack to the survey of the subject.A Typically, in IB plan used different methods of analysis, accent on composing research documents and an independent experimental activities of students.A To acquire the Diploma Programme International Baccalaureate, a pupil must finish the plan and carry throughing all demands: base on balls an scrutiny in all six topics ( three topics at advanced degree and in three topics at standard degree ) , write the Extended Essay, and two ofA on Theory of Knowledge, work out at least 150 hours on the plan Creativity, Action, Service completed and all undertakings and mini-projects.A Each twelvemonth about 30,000 pupils receive the IB. The Extended Essay besides gives the pupil an chance to research an academic subject in deepness, doing it among the most valued constituents of the IB course of study. With the Extended Essay, every pupil has the chance to look into a subject of his ain involvement. The IB plan is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have IB Diploma or Certificate. Teachers IB plans are invariably subjected to analysis and seek to better their instruction process.A The instructors are IB World schools have entree to the preparation centre on the Internet. The Center provides certification on the plan, illustrations of pupil work, and besides serves as an international centre of communicating for instructors program.A They may confer with with other instructors in IB schools around the universe and put their ain development as illustrations for other instructors. Capable Area -the essay capable country is chosen by the pupil. These topics are: English/Literature History Politicss Biology Mathematics Psychology Chemistry Music Theater Arts Economicss Peace & A ; Conflict Studies Visual Humanistic disciplines Environmental Systems Philosophy World Religions Geography Physicss An drawn-out essay is utile for the pupils because in some manner it can assist develop new accomplishments and to open possibilities and generate thoughts. This is a really interesting experience, because the subjects pupils are composing are of their involvement and it is ever a joy to make what you like and to speak about what is interesting for a individual. Writing an drawn-out essay helps pupils to happen out about themselves, research something they have of all time wanted and to look into on a subject that has been interesting to them. The intent of the drawn-out essay, to give pupils an chance to: aˆ? carry oning independent research on the subject focal point ; aˆ? development of scientific research and communicating accomplishments ; aˆ? developing accomplishments of originative and critical thought ; aˆ? engagement in a systematic procedure of research related to the subject ; aˆ? Experience exhilaration of rational find. The IB plan is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have IB Diploma or Certificate. Campaigners for the full IB Diploma will utilize the drawn-out essay or undertaking in the CAS as their undertaking seminar senior students SSE. Most pupils IB plan participate in assorted Sessionss during school hours, in the early phases of recognizing the importance of precedences which are set and non detaining instances until subsequently. Upon completion of the plan, pupils will get: ability to believe international classs, finely honed accomplishments of critical thought, assurance in all their academic enterprises. Besides, pupils will larn: conducting independent research, composing essays for college degree, critical analysis of information, taking the context of reading, rules of effectual acquisition, readying of the balanced agenda. And pupils frequently receive: penchant for admittance to college, loans for College, admittance to the plan increased, preparation, scholarships. All Advanced Features external rating experts IBO.A There are general standards for rating. And it is used to find the essay score.A The chief standards relate to general facets of the essays, such as letters, usage of the informations and general idea.A Subject standards are concerned about how to take the subject direction in the context of chosen subject in the essay.A Official guidelines for essays will be given to a pupil, when the subject of an essay will non be completed. The classs of the mark of the essay: A first-class B good C satisfactory D mediocre E simple By the terminal of the International Baccalaureate plan, each pupil must compose a alleged â€Å" elaborate essay † ( Extended Essay ) sum of at least 4000 words.A This must be the kind of record of the self-conducted research on a chosen subject, which is performed under the counsel of a teacher.A This enables pupils to get the accomplishments of research.A Every twelvemonth about 30,000 pupils receive the International Baccalaureate Diploma.A For diploma International Baccalaureate a pupil should: A -successfully pass the tests in all six topics ( three topics at advanced degree and three -subjects at standard degree ) ; A -write â€Å" elaborate essay † ( Extended Essay ) A ; -write two documents on the Theory of Knowledge ( TOK ) A ; -work out at least 150 hours of plan Creativity, Action, Service ( CAS ) A ; -complete all undertakings and mini-projects. Theory of Knowledge class gives pupils a possibility to make and believe about cognition, to believe about larning in all topics they learn in the class of Diploma Programme, and to set up links between academic fields.A Advanced essay, much of the missive to 4000 words, and it enables pupils to research subjects of their specific involvement, which they can choose.A It helps pupils to utilize their creativeness and thoughts, every bit good as imaginativeness and besides to develop accomplishments of independent research, which should be at the university. Diploma Programme aims to develop pupils ‘ cognition and accomplishments and besides they will necessitate to execute undertakings IBO, as outlined in the statement of the organisation ‘s mission and pupil profile. Teaching and acquisition in the Diploma Programme aid to show world in the mundane pattern of educational doctrine of the organisation. Extended essays in the doctrine give pupils the chance to look into the philosophical subjects of particular interest.A The pupil is invited to come in into serious, personal ideas, develop and learn in a disciplined and originative manner specific philosophical questions.A Chosen subject can be supported, for illustration, work done in category, current events on issues associating to modern-day argument, treatment, single reading and / or contemplation, or conceptual characteristics of belief systems that have non antecedently encountered by the student.A It is bounded that the subject should be chosen so that it can be considered carefully.A For illustration, in May, it is preferred to take as a starting point, specific hypotheses, instead than general, some of the thoughts of a philosopher, non a few, or one text, the philosopher, but non all of his or her work. Counter-claims and expostulations must be provided, to see and, if possible, refuted.A Although it is inappropriate to be avoided, the wider deductions of philosophical inquiries should research the appropriate grade and consciousness must be clear links between these issues and more planetary jobs of human life. Of peculiar note is the flexibleness of the program.A Every three old ages, amended.A On bettering the classs are invariably working profile commissions of teachers.A Thus, International Baccalaureate – a various plan that combines the really best that exists in school instruction in different countries.A This is a cosmopolitan linguistic communication that is apprehensible to about any university or college. However, the International Baccalaureate sheepskin receive merely those on the test in the sum scored at least 24 points ( scrutinies – 6, the highest mark – 7, the lowest – 1, 3 more points available for the thesis, and engagement in the competition CAS ) .A Cope with this undertaking is non all: for the universe statistics, around 30 % of pupils who completed the class, remain without a diploma.A International Baccalaureate sheepskin is extremely valued for their objectiveness, because in add-on to internal rating, which exposes the school instructors, the pupil receives and external appraisal, which exhibited abroad tester One trial centre in the UK International Baccalaureate – a cosmopolitan plan, which incorporated all the mostA the best that exists in school instruction in different countries.A This is a cosmopolitan linguistic communication that is apprehensible to about any university or college.DecisionEducation and life of the twenty-first Centu ry in an interdependent and globalized universe require an ability to believe critically and creatively, to hold an internationally orientative believing – is that pupils learn to understand the International Baccalaureate Program ( IB ) , and it is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have IB Diploma or Certificate. Campaigners for the IB Diploma in the last two old ages of high school take six IB classes.A And besides they must run into the demands of IB CORE, which include: Theory of Knowledge class, an drawn-out essay of 4,000 words and the testing of 150 hours of preparation services throughout the ( CAS ) . Extended essays in the doctrine ever give pupils an chance to look into the philosophical subjects of their interest.A Students are invited to believe creatively, develop and larn in a disciplined and originative manner of specific philosophical inquiry, it is appropriate to this issue and come to a clear conclusion.A Chosen subject can be supported, for illustration, work done in category to current events on issues associating to modern-day argument, treatment, single reading and / or contemplation, or conceptual characteristics of belief systems that have non antecedently encountered by the pupil. To go an International Baccalaureate, an educational establishment has to get down application procedure. Besides, during that period instructors have preparations in the International Baccalaureate. After application procedure, International Baccalaureate there is authorization.A Equally shortly as school is authorized to offer the International Baccalaureate, so one-year fee gives the warrant to expose the International Baccalaureate logo, entree to Online Curriculum Centre, support from the International Baccalaureate and besides entree to International Baccalaureate Information System.A Online Curriculum Centre besides provides information, resources and support for International Baccalaureate coordinators and instructors. International Baccalaureate Information System is a database, used by International Baccalaureate coordinators.A IB – a plan for two old ages, after which pupils receive the International Baccalaureate, which is recognized and accepted by universities in the UK and other countries.A Courses at the IB plan are offered in 40 public and private schools and colleges in the UK and besides in 930 schools and colleges in 105 countries.A As the distribution of the plan IB Diploma ( alleged sheepskin IB, in fact – certification of school ) have come to acknowledge the taking universities in the world.A Now in the USA, Canada, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, France, Norway, Sweden and some other states, pupils with such attestations shall take into universities without entryway examinations.A Today Programme International Baccalaureate can larn from school in 1020 100 countries.A The fastest turning figure of schools in the U.S..A As a regulation, in all states schools, practicians trained in this theoretical account, are among the best.A This means, that the degree of secondary instruction provided in schools IB, above the national standard.A The IB plan exists to give pupils the cognition and accomplishments, really utile in life to everyone, irrespective of profession, every bit good as the accomplishments of societal adaptation.A Within the model of primary accent on academic accomplishments, the ability to believe critically, independent work accomplishments.

5 great leadership qualities Essay

Leaders are often portrayed as heroes and role models, but there is also a darker side to being a leader. Adolph Hitler was one of the greatest leaders in the last 100 years, if not the greatest leader of all time. One man had the ability to lead a country, with a population of 20 million people, against the whole world in a vision he saw fit. One man leading Germany out of economic depression after previously being through World War I was an incredible feat. This is indeed what all leaders strive to be. Hitler is one of the best models for inspiring leaders. He exhibited some of the greatest qualities of being a leader, which included the following: vision, eloquence, charisma, strong will, and tyranny. Vision is a manner in which someone conceives something. All leaders must be goal oriented, and Hitler had one of the greatest objectives of all time. He wanted to purge this world of all the Jews, Gypsies, Homosexuals, and anyone else that didn’t fit in his definition of the perfect race. His perfect race – the Arian race – consisted of blonde-haired, blue-eyed Caucasians. Although he was not able to complete his vision, he still fought for it until the end of his life. One of the most outstanding leadership qualities of Hitler was his eloquence. Being eloquent is to be fluent and persuasive in speech. Hitler would stir up the masses with his fervent speeches. This was one of Hitler’s greatest assets. He was able to get his audience so passionate and zealous over his goals, that they would follow him regardless of what he said. Imagine in what manner someone must talk with 20 million people in order to persuade them to eradicate a race without moral regret. When he would speak, he would sweat and get so fanatical about his speech that women would cry when he spoke. Another important quality of Adolph Hitler was his charisma. Charisma is a quality attributed to those with an exceptional ability to secure the devotion of a large number of people. Without charisma, a leader can not function successfully. Hitler attained devotion from almost anyone that he spoke to. The German people were ready to fight the rest of the world to achieve the world that Adolph Hitler saw fit. Men were willing to give their  lives to satisfy a single man. Hitler had one of the strongest wills of any man that this world had seen. He refused to allow anyone get in his way. This is what led to World War II. He would even betray the Russians, his one time allies, for not also agreeing with his ideas. His will also helped Germany out of depression. It is said that Germany had the greatest economy it has ever had in the rule of Adolph Hitler. He did this by political maneuvering and strategic planning. His will helped make Germany one of the most powerful countries in the world in its time. In fact, some historians devote the end of the depression due to Adolph Hitler. This is because many governments got out of their economic depression by actually fighting in World War II. This stimulated many countries and helped the world all over. The last of his important qualities was tyranny. A tyrannical government is one in which there is a ruler with absolute power. Tyranny enhanced all of his other traits. This is because if someone did not follow him willingly, they were forced to follow him under his government. A leader demanding absolute power is not a bad thing at all times. It does not allow for confusion within a group and may also lead to more efficiency and cooperation. Hitler’s tyranny united Germany under one person and allowed it to challenge anyone that stood in their path. Adolph Hitler may not have been a great person, but he was a great leader. Under his rule, Germany pulled out of an economic depression that was plaguing the rest of the world. Also, Germany stood up once again after a First World War and challenged the world once more. Many people might disagree about him being a great leader because he led Germany to another loss, but this was inevitable because one man cannot stand against the world and hope to win. Nevertheless, Hitler was one of the greatest leaders of all time and should be a template for future leaders.

The History Of Forensic Accounting Accounting Essay

White-collar offense has acquiring serious around the universe if comparison with the last few old ages. Bank fraud, recognition card fraud, cyberspace fraud, fiscal fraud, public corruptnesss and so on are considered as the offense. These offenses have shared the same features that defraud money from unsuspecting victims which can name this as fraud. Richard and Kent ( 2010 ) stated that there are ever misconceptions of white-collar offenses are non-violent and are committed by those who are non-violent in nature because it says that all white-collar offenses do non harm and violence so this is really parlous misconception. Harmonizing to Kenneth ( 2010 ) , Scots Government has announced extra financess for development of forensic accounting on 2nd June 2009 within the Scots Crime and Drugs Enforcement Agency. A portion of the accounting intent is observing misrepresentation or fraud or white collar offense. Hearers have to lookout against fraud or misrepresentation which is something the inside or outside by their periodic audits. To turn out the fraud for a concern that is identified deceitful dealing, a new group of accounting are needed and they are called as forensic accounting. Forensic comptrollers will utilize their professional accomplishments during carry out an probe. They are non merely necessitate to react fleetly and supply clear fiscal information but besides being concise in courtroom. They are trained to look farther than the Numberss and grip with the concern world of the conditions. ( Foresicglobal, 2012 ) Nowadays many universities have offered some progress grades, enfranchisements, and places that are needed to measure up the comptrollers to go a qualified forensic comptroller. Prosecution support or accounting probe is typically involved by forensic comptrollers. They must hold some signifier of certification that is mensurable of the work or calling they are looking for. Certified in Forensic Accounting ( CFF ) is formed out by AICPA which is short signifier of The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants in 2008. AICPA got all the professional forensic comptrollers together and it makes CPAs go the most sure adviser in concern. ( Aida 2010 ) Harmonizing to AICPA ( 2013 ) , for new appliers that who want to acquire the CFF Credential, a valid CPA licence or certification issued by lawfully constituted province authorization must be in clasp. The CFF Credential Application is completed when they passed the CFF scrutiny. Applicants must turn out themselves have meet the minimal Business Experience and Education demands and a credential fee is needed. ( AICPA 2013 ) Since forensic accounting requires professional cognition that crosses the countries of accounting, condemnable probe, regulative statute law and judicial judicial proceeding so it can considered as an exciting field. Forensic comptrollers need to cognize how the manner the endeavors work is. Forensic comptrollers are expected to understand the manner little and big endeavors operate, prepare ratings in commercial and civil differences, and uncover the darker side of concern. Owing to the aggressive growing of fraud around the universe, the function of forensic comptrollers is acquiring more important in last few old ages. These yearss, they are needed by many concerns to forestall or observe fraud that make it go a niche market. It is easy to acquire occupation if comparison with other market such as IT which is in a concentrated status. Forensic accounting is a broad occupation range that required excess cognition to undertake down the fraud strategies such as concern jurisprudence, scrutinizing and revenue enhancement. Alternatively of narrow working bearer that may restrict forensic accounting pupils ‘ possible abilities, it can take to them to hold multi pick of occupations. As the demand of forensic comptrollers increases, the salary degree will increases at the same clip. It is a natural phenomenon when demand additions due to the market needs. Bing a forensic comptroller may hold higher payment than other businesss. ( Daug 2012 ) Everything got negative sides. Because Forensic comptrollers need to happen out the grounds that can direct the suspects which conduct the fraud go to prisons, they are ever holding emphasis that come from their clients. Forensic comptrollers ever need to work for longer clip particularly at the terminal of the twelvemonth and revenue enhancement season. Due to the complexness, they need a batch of times to look into and analyze securities frauds of the company. ( Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012 ) High costing of instruction is a drawback for a forensic comptroller. Become a forensic comptroller, the basic making is at least a Bachelor ( BA ) in Accounting. It enlarges the trouble being a forensic comptroller. Furthermore, experience demands may necessitate all the clip such as experience in auditing, accounting of probes. ( Thomas 2009 ) A batch of frauds around the universe have tackled down by forensic comptrollers. One of the biggest frauds in history is Madoff matter that perpetrated by Bernard L. Madoff in December 2008. ( U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2012 ) A entire sum of 60 five billion dollars has been taken from investors to put in his investing concern. ( Pbs 2009 ) This fraud ‘s victim came from super rich to pensionaries and fiscal establishment or even local charities organisation. It gave a large impact to the whole universe economic sciences and some large fiscal establishment such as Walter Noel, US fund director of The Fairfield Greenwich Group has the largest losingss that seven and half billion dollars of its 17 and half billion dollars invested with Madoff and ties to international wealth. ( Jean 2008 ) Another celebrated instance is WorldCom Scandal and called as one of the serious corporate offenses in the U.S history. It was at one clip the telecommunication company as the 2nd long distance phone company in US. It was faced a monolithic accounting dirt that lead to bankruptcy in twelvemonth 2002. Company ‘s history Numberss has been trumped up by direction executive that blow uping about twelve billion dollars. The bankruptcy of Worldcom led to monolithic losingss for investors. ( O.C and Linda, 2011 ) Several former executives of WorldCom have been involved in this instance and faced condemnable charges for it. Former CEO Berned Ebbers was punished twenty five old ages in gaol ( Pappalardo 2005 ) and Scott Sullivan as former CFO received five old ages jailed which see a light sentence due to the deal that he agreed to plead guilty and testified against Ebbers in 2005. ( Ferranti 2005 ) Worldcom could non hedge from bankruptcy and renamed as MIC in 2004. ( Edward and Martin , 2006 ) As the decision, in counter or conflicting parties-that is needed to construction and back up an sentiment, forensic comptrollers must hold great interesting in and the ability to widen accounting, scrutinizing, financial and analytical accomplishments to separate, papers and analyze information. The forensic comptrollers should hold self confidence and able to give respond immediately to the inquiries that got in tribunal. Besides, can be given the replies of the inquiry is more of import, the tribunal will understand them if must hold a good communicating about extremely proficient and hard fiscal information. ( Forensicglobal, 2012 ) AICPA ( 2013 ) Certified in Financial Forensics ( CFF ) Credential Overview ( online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aicpa.org/InterestAreas/ForensicAndValuation/Membership/Pages/Overview % 20Certified % 20in % 20Financial % 20Forensics % 20Credential.aspx [ Accessed 9th Jan 2013 ] AIDA S. ( 2010 ) Enhance YOUR PROFESSIONAL POTENTIAL: OBTAIN FORENSIC ACCOUNTING CREDENTIALS ( online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //aaahq.org/TwoYear/newsletters/Spring2010/item2.htm [ Accessed 8th Jan 2013 ] Bureau of Labor Statistics ( 2013 ) Accountants and Auditors ( online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bls.gov/ooh/Business-and-Financial/Accountants-and-auditors.htm # tab-3 [ Accessed 18th Jan 2013 ] Daug G. ( 2012 ) Forensic accounting a turning niche field ( on-line ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //robinson.gsu.edu/resources2/files/news/2012/forensic-accounting-abc.pdf [ Accessed 17th Jan 2013 ] Edward J.R. and Martin C. ( 2006 ) WorldCom Case Study Update 2006 ( online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scu.edu/ethics/dialogue/candc/cases/worldcom-update.html [ Accessed 16th Jan 2013 ] Forensic ( 2012 ) What is a Forensic Accountant? ( online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forensicglobal.org/whatisfa.html [ Accessed: 08th Jan 2013 ] Jean S. ( 2008 ) Madoff prostration has planetary impact ( online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wsws.org/en/articles/2008/12/mado-d18.html [ Accessed 15th Jan 2013 ] Kenneth M. ( 2010 ) Leveling organised offense groups through enforcement of the POCA money laundering offenses, Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol. 13 Iodine: 1 pp. 7 – 14 O.C. F. and Linda F. ( 2011 ) WorldCom ‘s Bankruptcy Crisis ( online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //danielsethics.mgt.unm.edu/pdf/WorldCom % 20Case.pdf [ Accessed 16th Jan 2013 ] PBS ( 2009 ) The Madoff Affair ( online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/madoff/etc/synopsis.html [ Accessed 15th Jan 2013 ] Richard G.B. and Kent A.K. ( 2010 ) From white-collar offense to red-collar offense, Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 17 Iodine: 3 pp. 351 – 364 Thomas L. ( 2009 ) What to Look for in a Forensic Accountant ( online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nysscpa.org/sound_advice/forensic_acc.htm [ Accessed 18th Jan 2013 ] U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( 2012 ) The Securities and Exchange Commission Post-Madoff Reforms ( online ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sec.gov/spotlight/secpostmadoffreforms.htm [ Accessed 15th Jan 2013 ]