An Orange Juice Label as a Microcosm of Society Essay -- Exploratory

An Orange Juice Label as a Microcosm of SocietyOne facet of Herbert von Hundsteins theory of universality is that all(a) components of culture, from obvious propaganda campaigns to pen notes exchanged on refrigerator doors, are meaningful and representative of society as a whole. Von Hundstein writes in Kultur ist Alle Alle ist Kultur, The most mundane may also be the most significant, for is our culture any less forgotten in the private conversations of two lovers? Culture does not exist in a vacuum it permeates all like oxygen, and for that reason anything in existence is a product of its culture. (34)Therefore, a parking ticket, office memo, and chromatic juice packaging are all representations of culture. It is the orange tree juice label that concerns us here, and its promotion of ambiguity, assumptions of the audiences supineness, and reliance on other texts. The word minute has multiple meanings, as does maid, and thus minute maid is immeasurably problematic. Are we to assu me that the maid, an unmarried girl or woman, is only a maid for a minute? After those sixty seconds, is her virginity gone? If this is the intended reading, world the primary denotations for both words, then should this company really be selling orange juice and not sex toys? Examining the phrase minute maid from a grammatical viewpoint, we could easily extrapolate that minute here serves as an adjective, modifying maid, and thus means a very small maid. Perhaps virgin dwarfs create orange juice. The company presumes to convey a quickness created through the additional services of an assistant, a maid making a laborious process go by in a minute however, that reading is only one of many possible. During the 2000 preside... ... cause orange juice labels to be less ambiguous, assumptive, and intertextual in the future. Let us not oversimplify and assume that one orange juice label does not matter, that the simple commands shake well before enjoying simply fall on blind ears and dea f ears. As von Hundstein states, this orange juice label contains a microcosm of society within its directives lie the problems and successes of society. The orange juice label thus serves as a litmus test of American culture in general, and we can determine that American culture requires a fairly informed populace use to interpreting assumptions and intertextuality to avoid problematic ambiguity. Works CitedMinute Maid. Orange Juice Label. Packaging on product purchased 27 Apr. 2001.Von Hundstein, Herbert. Kulture ist Alle Alle ist Kulture. Trans. Gary Boyle. Dresden U of Dresden P, 1994.

Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers fc

Mark Twains masterpiece The Adventures of huckleberry Finn through much criticism and denunciation has become a well-respected novel. Through the eye of a thirteen-year-old boy, Huckleberry Finn, Twain illustrates the controversy of racism and slavery during the aftermath of the Civil War. Since Huck is an adolescent, he is vulnerable and greatly influenced by the adults he meets during his coming of age. His field day down the Mississippi steers him into the lives of a diverse group of inhabitants who have conflicting morals. Though he lacks valid morals, Huck demonstrates the potential of humanity as a pensive, sensitive individual rather than conforming to a repressive society. In these modes, the novel places Jim and Huck on pedestals where their views on morality, learning, and society are compared.Huckleberrys first off encounter with physical perplexity comes when he has woken up alone I set up and looked around, a little scared. Then I remembered (Twain 240). Awaking from his accidental nap, he was stunned by the sudden realization that he did not know where he was. After gaining full awareness of his surroundings, he was once again calmed. another(prenominal) illustration of Hucks physical disorientation was when he was found in a solid white fog (269). During his separation from Jim, Huck confessed that he hadnt no more idea which way I was going than a dead man (269). While he was still had not get together with Jim, he suffers from another bout of confusion. First I didnt know where I was I thought I was dreaming (270). This exemplifies how Hucks cordial disquietude melted into the physical realm. Throughout his voyage down the Mississippi, Huck has various arguments with Jim, which force him to question the facts that he has been taught from a white society. These serve as metaphors addressing different beliefs that are disputed amongst the rivaling races. Huck and Jim quarrel about King Sollermun (Twain 266), who threatened to chop a baby in half. Jim debates that Solomon had so many children that he became incapable of valuing human life. Huck then defends what he believes to be de wises man dat ever live (266) by explaining to Jim that he has clean missed the layover (267). Hucks subsequent comments relate Jims conclusion about Solomon and his view of white treatment of blacks as infinitely replaceable bodies. Instead of bickering, Huck went on talking about other kings, and let Solomon slide (267).

The Back to Africa Effect :: essays research papers fc

What role did Marcus Garvey play in the Civil Rights movement?When many people think about leaders during Black History month (February) they think about people like Martin Luther King Jr., George Washington Carver, Harriet Tubman, and Booker T. Washington.. Now that is acceptable, save rarely does anyone remember the man who sparked the Civil Rights movement in America, my cousin, Marcus Garvey. I want to acknowledge my cousin on his achievements and also thank him for what he has done for the African-American race. Marcus Garvey may not have made the selfsame(prenominal) kind of contributions that other Civil Rights leaders have made, but that doesnt mean he didnt fight for his people Marcus Garvey made one of the superlative contributions of the Civil Rights movement by trying to help out the Negro community all over the world, in a movement known as Back to Africa. Marcus Garvey had two very different parents. Marcuss mother was a gentle, slim, beautiful woman. She was known for organism kind and helpful woman to her neighbors and for working breathed to bring up her family (Lawler 15).Marcuss father was different of another sort he was hard, stern, and stubborn. A skilled stonemason, he cut and shaped white vibrate for the walls of nearby plantation houses belonging to Jamaicas wealthy estate owners. But he only worked when he felt like it.(Lawler 16).Now although these were good qualities to have, in attachment to brilliant intellect and dashing courage, his fathers bold, determined, strong, stubborn, and fearless attitude led to his downfall. Marcuss father liked to read and received a newspaper every week for 20 years and he thought it was a gift from the editor, yet when the publisher died, the executors of the estate sent Garvey Sr. a observation that he steadfastly ignored and as a result he was then taken to court and in a series of events his including property being sold to cover the debts and quarrels with neighbors over land boundaries the Garvey estate was soon down to the little land that their house stood on. Now Marcus Garveys father was stubborn but that runs deep in his blood lines as a Maroon. The Maroons were a group of escaped Jamaican slaves who fought British colonial rule during the 17th & 18th century. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, named aft(prenominal) his father, was born on April 17, 1881, to Sarah and Marcus Garvey.

The Controversy Surrounding Computer Cryptography :: Technology

The Controversy Surrounding Computer Cryptography The topic of cryptanalytics is being debated in the computer lately, especially since September 11, 2001. To begin with, though cryptography is hugger-mugger writing or the enciphering and deciphering of messages in secret code or cipher. Cryptography has become very popular in all aspects of life that make love with computers, which is almost every aspect of our daily lives. Ever since the mid-seventies, cryptography is the new way of keeping information secret or private. However, just how good and salutary is cryptography? There have been many forms of codes that were intaked to send messages from group to group or person to person. One of the first know type of secret messaging was done by the Spartans of Ancient Greece around 484 to 425 BC. Secret messages were written on wooden tablets and covered with wax to make the tablet look ilk wood again. The message could then be read after the wax was removed. The s laves trying to escape utilise another type of secret messaging. Some messages that they would use to signal each other were quilts. Certain patterns on some quilts gave directions to these slaves in how to escape into Canada. In addition, they used secret words to help guide their cuss slaves to freedom. One such code artistic style was Follow the drinking gourd. This referred to the Big Dipper in the night sky. Because most slaves traveled at night because it was safer, that phrase gave them directions to their freedom. Those were just a sample of early types of secret codes. Modern cryptography is far more complicated. It consists of long mathematical formulas that to most people looks like heart gibberish. However, these formulas turn a normal sentence into undecipherable code. Modern encryption codes are used daily throughout our daily lives For example they are used widely throughout he Intern et for security purposes.

The Battle of Vicksburg :: American America History

The Battle of siege of VicksburgThe Civil War split our nation, Americans fighting Americans, brother against brother. The war lasted four hanker years, a key battle fought westward was the turning point in the war the Battle of Vicksburg. Between Cairo, Illinois, and the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi River twists and winds for nearly 1,000 miles. Commonly referred to as the trunk of the American tree. The river was vital to both the American Government and to the Confederate forces in the west. The urban center of Vicksburg, Mississippi, 250 feet high, overlooks the Mississippi River on the Louisiana-Mississippi state border. Confederate forces mounted accelerator batteries ready to challenge the passage of Union ships. Receiving control of Vicksburg and the Mississippi River was a huge benefit in the war. Due to the Geographic location make it ideal for defense. Before the outbreak of the Civil War, Vicksburg, Mississippi had work one of the most prosperous and sophisticated towns on the old southern frontier. The city was a booming center of trade, its wharves crowded with boats carrying all manner of goods and commodities. It boasted a municipal orchestra, a Shakespeare repertory company, and an imposing courthouse in the Greek revival style. To its proud citizens, Vicksburg was the Queen City of the Bluff and a center, as one of them wrote, of culture, education and luxury. All this was to change with coming of the war. By early 1862 the peaceful town had become one of the most strategically important spots in the entire Confederacy- and would soon be one of the most bitterly fought over. From the beginning of the war in 1861, to protect their most prized possession, the Confederacy put up fortifications at strategic points along the river. Federal forces eventually captured post after post. After fighting their focus southward from Illinois and northward from the Gulf of Mexico. Until by late summer of 1862, only Vicksburg and Port Hudson appeared to be major constraints to the Union. Of the two posts, Vicksburg was by further the strongest and most important. Setting high over looking a bend in the river, protected by artillery and dangerous swamps. So far the city had defied Union efforts to force it into submission. In order to protect the Mississippi Valley, Confederates established a line of defense, which ran from Columbus, Kentucky, overlooking the Mississippi River trough Bowling Green to Cumberland fissure where the bright flank was secure on the mountains.

The Battle of Vicksburg :: American America History

The Battle of siege of VicksburgThe Civil War split our nation, Americans fighting Americans, brother against brother. The war lasted four large years, a key battle fought westward was the turning point in the war the Battle of Vicksburg. Between Cairo, Illinois, and the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi River twists and winds for nearly 1,000 miles. Commonly referred to as the trunk of the American tree. The river was vital to both the American Government and to the Confederate forces in the west. The city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, 250 feet high, overlooks the Mississippi River on the Louisiana-Mississippi state border. Confederate forces mounted hitman batteries ready to challenge the passage of Union ships. Receiving control of Vicksburg and the Mississippi River was a huge benefit in the war. Due to the Geographic location do it ideal for defense. Before the outbreak of the Civil War, Vicksburg, Mississippi had fetch one of the most prosperous and sophisticated towns on the ol d southern frontier. The city was a booming center of trade, its wharves crowded with boats carrying all manner of goods and commodities. It boasted a municipal orchestra, a Shakespeare repertory company, and an imposing courthouse in the Greek revival style. To its proud citizens, Vicksburg was the Queen City of the Bluff and a center, as one of them wrote, of culture, education and luxury. All this was to change with coming of the war. By early 1862 the peaceful town had become one of the most strategically important spots in the entire Confederacy- and would soon be one of the most bitterly fought over. From the beginning of the war in 1861, to protect their most prized possession, the Confederacy put up fortifications at strategic points along the river. Federal forces eventually captured post after post. After fighting their path southward from Illinois and northward from the Gulf of Mexico. Until by late summer of 1862, only Vicksburg and Port Hudson appeared to be major cons traints to the Union. Of the two posts, Vicksburg was by outlying(prenominal) the strongest and most important. Setting high over looking a bend in the river, protected by artillery and dangerous swamps. So far the city had defied Union efforts to force it into submission. In order to protect the Mississippi Valley, Confederates established a line of defense, which ran from Columbus, Kentucky, overlooking the Mississippi River trough Bowling Green to Cumberland hatchway where the bright flank was secure on the mountains.

Constructivism Learning Theory Essay

Constructivism attainment theory is a philosophy which enhances bookmans logical and conceptual growth. The cardinal concept within the constructivism learning theory is the role which experiences-or connections with the adjoining atmosphere-play in student education. The constructivism learning theory argues that people produce familiarity and form marrow based upon their experiences. Two of the key concepts within the constructivism learning theory which create the turn of events of an individuals new fellowship are accommodation and assimilation. assimilative causes an individual to incorporate new experiences into the old experiences.This causes the individual to develop new outlooks, rethink what were once misunderstandings, and label what is important, ultimately veering their perceptions. Accommodation, on the other hand, is reframing the serviceman and new experiences into the mental capacity already present. Individuals conceive a particular fashion in which the cos mea operates. When things do not operate within that context, they moldiness accommodate and reframing the expectations with the outcomes.Bruners Theory on ConstructivismBruners theory on constructivism encompasses the idea of learning as an active process wherein those learning are fitted to form new ideas based on what their current knowledge is as well as their past knowledge. A cognitive structure is defined as the mental processes which offer the bookman the ability to organize experiences and derive meaning from them. These cognitive structures allow the learner to push past the given information in constructing their new concepts. The learner, often a child, will take pieces of their past knowledge and experiences and organize them to base sense of what they know, then base further concepts and solve superfluous problems based upon a combination of what they already processed and what they think should be processed next. The teacher resources used should be focused on that of encouragement, aiding and allowing the student to give away the main principles on their own.Communication between the learner and teacher is the key concept. Socratic learning is suggested as the best method of communication in this hypothetic framework, as it allows theteacher to actively note any study skills the learner verbalizes, their progression, their frustrations, and form a rubric of their current learning state based on the dialogue. Seeing as this theory takes known information and expounds upon it, any teacher lesson plans, teacher worksheets, or resources should in fact be constantly building the learners knowledge in a spiral manner. The four major principles of Bruners theory on constructivism encompass 1) a predilection toward learning. The second, how a pigeonholing of knowledge is able to be constructed to best be understood by the learner. The third is effective manners for the teacher to present said material to the learner, with the quaternate and fina l aspect being the progression of rewards as well as punishments.Piagets Theory of ConstructivismJean Piaget was a philosopher from Switzerland. He was overly a instinctive scientist that was famous for the work that he did studying cognitive development and learning theories encompassed in his view of genetic epistemology. At the young age of eleven he attended high school at Switzerland Latin wherein one of his short pieces was the start of his scientific career. Piagets theory of constructivism impacts learning curriculum because teachers have to make a curriculum plan which enhances their students logical and conceptual growth. Teacher must put emphasis on the significant role that experiences-or connections with the adjoining atmosphere-play in student education. For example, teachers must bear in mind the role those fundamental concepts, such as the permanence of objects, plays when it comes to establishing cognitive structures. Piagets theory of constructivism argues that p eople produce knowledge and form meaning based upon their experiences.Piagets theory covered learning theories, teaching methods, and education reform. Two of the key components which create the construction of an individuals new knowledge are accommodation and assimilation. Assimilating causes an individual to incorporate new experiences into the old experiences. This causes the individual to develop new outlooks, rethink what were once misunderstandings, and evaluate what is important, ultimately altering their perceptions. Accommodation, on the other hand, is reframing the world and new experiences into the mentalcapacity already present. Individuals conceive a particular fashion in which the world operates. When things do not operate within that context, they must accommodate and reframing the expectations with the outcomes.Vygotskys Theory on ConstructivismLev S. Vygotsky believed that culture is the principal determinant of cognitive progress. In Vgostskys theory on constructi vism, knowledge leads to further cognitive development. The societal configuration of intelligence states that the individual growth could not be comprehended without indication to the societal and cultural context where the aforementioned evolution is entrenched mind development is continuous. Vygotsky focuses on the actual mechanism of the development. He excludes discernible stages of development as theories and assumptions. Vygotskys theory on constructivism does not adhere to the idea that a single abstract principle is able to explain cognitive development. As a depute to Piagets constructivism, he argues that knowledge is internalization of social activity. Mediation refers to people intentionally interject items between their environment and themselves, so that they are able to modify it and gain specific benefits.Mediation is the key propoent of Vygotskys theory of constructivism. His theory offers a harmonizing viewpoint to the behaviorist view. Vygotskys theory of const ructivism supports that the use of mediators helps the human to alter their environment, and this is her way of interacting with the nature. Vygotskys theory of constructivism also supports that the use of activity mediators provides a way in which people are able to interact with the nature. Mediation is also defined as the use of certain tools within socially organized activity. There were two phenomena which encompasses the mediated relationship of individuals to their environment. These are 1) Humans use actors line and physical signs to change social relations into psychological functions between their minds and their environment. The second thing was that higher intellectual progression will actually use symbolical mediation.Apart from learning theories, Piagets theory of constructivism addresses how learning actually occurs, not focusing on what influences learning. The roleof teachers is very important. or else of giving a speak the teachers in this theory function as fac ilitators whose role is to aid the student when it comes to their own understanding. This takes away focus from the teacher and lecture and puts it upon the student and their learning. The resources and lesson plans that must be initiated for this learning theory take a very different approach toward traditional learning as well. Instead of telling, the teacher must begin asking. Instead of answering questions that only align with their curriculum, the facilitator in this case must make it so that the student comes to the conclusions on their own instead of being told.Also, teachers are continually in conversation with the students, creating the learning experience that is open to new directions depending upon the needs of the student as the learning progresses. Teachers following Piagets theory of constructivism must contend the student by making them effective critical thinkers and not being merely a teacher but also a mentor, a consultant, and a coach. Some strategies for teache r include having students working together and aiding to answer one anothers questions. Another strategy includes designating one student as the effective on a subject and having them teach the class. Finally, allowing students to work in groups or pairs and research controversial topics which they must then present to the class.Jonassen (1994) proposed that there are octette characteristics that differentiate constructivist learning environments 1. Constructivist learning environments provide multiple representations of reality. 2. Multiple representations avoid oversimplification and represent the complexity of the real world. 3. Constructivist learning environments emphasize knowledge construction inserted of knowledge reproduction. 4. Constructivist learning environments emphasize authentic tasks in a meaningful context rather than abstract instruction out of context.5. Constructivist learning environments provide learning environments such as real-world settings or case-based learning instead of predetermined sequences of instruction. 6. Constructivist learning environments encourage thoughtful reflection on experience. 7. Constructivist learning environmentsenable context- and content- dependent knowledge construction. 8. Constructivist learning environments supportcollaborative construction of knowledge through social negotiation, not competition among learners for recognition. Jonassens eight characteristics would be supported by both social and cognitive constructivists. There is, however, a difference in the emphasis these two strands on constructivism place on each of those characteristics.

Difficult Preschool Behavior Essay

Working with preschoolers can be fun and exciting but it can also be tiring and a challenge. They are at the mount where they want to learn new things. They are full of energy and questions. At this age, they are a handful, and when you have a classroom full of preschoolers you better be prepared. In this case, we see Jane sleeping accommodations a preschool teacher, uses effective strategies to run her classroom smoothly. The strategies are anticipation and redirection, natural supports, materials/space, keystone behaviors, collaboration, structure and routines, and reveal reasons.The first system is a very important one for preschoolers. It was know as anticipation and redirection. This is when you anticipate that something might happen and you redirection a child before you have a problem. In the case, you can see an example of anticipation with the construction site. This site is an area in the room where the children can play like construction workers. Mrs. Chamber has picked the materials for this site. In anticipation that children might fight over the tools, there is no one hammer or one hat of one color. Mrs.Chambers redirects a child who is sitting on the couch watch other child do a puzzle. She redirects the boy to painting in stead of sitting on the couch. Redirection is a way to divert or distract the child from an undesirable behavior into a more appropriate activity (Marion, 1999). With preschool age child redirection is a great way to handle unwanted behavior. The next strategy is natural supports. These are the least intrusive supports because they happen naturally in the surroundings (Bauer, 2004). In early childhood, the best support is support of their peers.

Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation

In this essay I intend to analyse the attachment theory of hearty-kn admit British psychiatrist Dr John Bowlby. I will examine both the primary and secondary research behind the theory and look at slightly of the arguments against it before going on to seek the impact Bowlbys research has had on the early eld setting. Edward John Mostyn Bowlby was born in London on February 26th 1907 to a fairly upper-middle crystallize family. His pargonnts were of the belief that too much parental affection would in fact spoil a nestling and in that respectfore worn out(p) very little end with him, as little as one hour per day.His primary care-giver was the family nanny until, when he was four days old, the nanny left. Bowlby later described this as cosmos as tragic as the loss of a female parent (www. mentalhelp. net/poc/view_doc. php? type=docid=10104cn=28) He was then sent away to boarding shallow at the mount of sevensome. It is therefore entirely comprehensible that he became increasingly sensitive to childrens suffering and how it appeared to be connected to their future mental health. Bowlby began his think at Trinity College Cambridge where he studied psychology.He excelled academically and spent time working with delinquent children. He then went on to study medicine at University College Hospital and enrolled in the Institute of Psychoanalysis. Upon his graduation he began working at Maudesley Hospital as a psychoanalyst. It was while studying medicine that he volunteered in a childrens residential home and began to develop his interest in children who appeared to him to be emotionally disturbed. While working in the residential home he encountered cardinal particular children who intrigued him.The maiden of these was a very isolated, affectionless teenager who had no permanent, stable mother figure and the second was a young boy of seven or eight who followed Bowlby around constantly. This led him to speculate that there was a possible link bet ween a childs mental health problems and their early childhood experiences. It was frequently believed by many early theorists that the need to make a bond with a mother or mother exchange was part of our biological inheritance and Bowlbys experience and observations lead him to whole-heartedly agree.The resulting body of work and research carried out by Bowlby became kn deliver as the attachment theory. It was his incorruptible belief that babies are biologically programmed to be dependant on their mother. He went so far as to say that there was a critical period in a childs living from birth to age three where the child would be irreparably damaged psychologically by a prolonged absence from the mother. He referred to this absence as maternal wishing. He wrote in his book, first looseed in 1953 Prolonged breaks (in the mother-child relationship) during the first three years of life leave a characteristic impression on the childs personality. Such children appear emotionally withdrawn and isolated and whence name no friendships worth the name (pg 39, Bowlby J. Child Care and the Growth of Love, 1974) While working at the Child Guidance Clinic in London in the 30s and 40s Bowlby began to suspect that not only was a childs mental health affected by the inadequacy of bond with their mother but there may well be a correlation between delinquent behaviour in children and maternal deprivation.This led him to carry out his own study between 1936 and 1939 to try and prove this to be the case. The resulting scientific paper was published in 1946 and entitled 44 Juvenile Thieves. The study involved Bowlby selecting 88 children from the clinic. Of this convocation of children 44 had been referred to him for theft and 44 had been referred due to emotional problems. Half the children in each group were aged between five and eleven years of age and the other half were between twelve and sixteen. There were thirty-one boys and thirteen girls in the first group a nd thirty-four boys and ten girls in the second.The two groups were roughly matched for age and IQ. On arrival at the clinic, each child had their IQ tested by a psychologist and at the same time a parent was interviewed by a social worker to establish and record details of the childs early life. Bowlby, the psychiatrist at the clinic, then conducted an initial interview with the child and parent. The 3 professionals then met to compare notes. Bowlby then went on to conduct a series of further interviews with the child and/or parent all over the next few onths to gather more in-depth information about the history of the child, specifically in their early years. Bowlby considered his findings to be entirely conclusive. Of the 44 thieves Bowlby diagnosed 32% as affectionless psychopaths. He described this condition as involving a lack of emotional development in the children, leading to a lack of concern for others, a lack of guilt and an inability to form meaningful and/or lasting r elationships. Bowlby concluded that this condition was the precise reason why these children were capable of stealing.His speculation was further beef up when he discovered that 86% of the children with affectionless psychopathy had experienced a long period of maternal deprivation in the first five years of their lives. They had spent the majority of their early years either in institutions or in hospital with little or no visitation from their parents. Interviews also showed that the majority of these children had been reticent and unresponsive since approximately two years of age. Only 17% of the thieves who were not diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths had experienced maternal deprivation in the early years.Of the second group not one child proved to be affectionless and only two of them had experienced prolonged maternal separation. Bowlby concluded in the resulting paper There is a very substantive case indeed for believing that prolonged separation of a child from his mo ther (or mother substitute) during the first five years of life stands foremost among the causes of delinquent character development Bowlby J. pg 41 Many have however argued that Bowlbys findings were not reliable. It has been suggested that as the study was carried out retrospectively this may have tainted the results.It is possible that the parents or the children had not recalled events accurately or indeed that they had not responded truthfully to questioning in order to put themselves in a better light. Michael Rutter suggested in 1981 that some of the children in the study had never had a mother figure at all so their delinquency was not due to maternal deprivation but kind of to privation of any sort of loving attachment. Bowlby looked at research done by others which could affirm his own findings. He examined both animal studies done by Hinde and Harlow and Lorenz as well as child studies.He noted in particular the work of Rene Spitz and Katharine Wolf. Spitz and Wolf had discovered 123 babies during the first few years of their lives while they were being looked after by their own mothers who were in prison. When the babies were between 6-8 months old their mothers were moved elsewhere within the prison for a period of three months and the babies were cared for by others inmates. Spitz and Wolf noted that the babies lost their appetite, cried more often and failed to thrive during this period of separation. Once the babies were returned to their mothers their behaviour returned to what it had been previous to the separation.These results certainly appeared to support Bowlbys hypothesis however others disagreed. In Czechoslovakia in 1972 Koluchova wrote of twin boys who had suffered extreme deprivation. Their mother had died soon after the boys were born and their father struggled to cope on his own. At eleven months of age the boys were taken into care and were considered to be normal, healthy children. A few months later their father remarried and at the age of eighteen months the twins returned to their fathers care. regrettably the father worked away from home a great deal and their step-mother treated the boys horribly.They were beaten, given very little food, make to sleep on a pliable sheet on the floor and sometimes locked away in the cellar. This continued for five and a half years and when the boys were examined at the age of seven they were demonstrate to be severely mentally and physically retarded. The twins were hospitalised until they were able to be placed in a special school for mentally disturbed children. They coped well with their schooling and went on to be fostered by a very affectionate, kind lady and in her care they blossomed.By the age of 15 the boys IQ was normal for their age and their emotional health had improved immensely. Koluchovas work would appear to demonstrate that it is in fact possible for a child to recover from maternal deprivation in their early years if they are given the love, supp ort and security required later in their childhood and that the results of maternal deprivation need not be permanent. Schaffer and Emerson also disputed Bowlbys findings and argued that, although an infant needed to form a bond, children could form multiple attachments and they could benefit greatly from the attention of the extended family.They performed a study in Glasgow in 1964 where they observed 60 children from birth eighteen months. They met with the mothers once a month and interviewed them to ascertain who the infant was smiling at, who they responded to etc. They gear up that many of the infants were forming numerous attachments. Twenty of the children studied were not attached to their mothers but to another adult, in some cases the father and in others another family member or even a neighbour. Schaffer states There is, we must conclude, nothing to indicate any biological need for an exclusive primary bond Davenport G.C. pg 38 In 1950 the World wellness Organisation, who had been following Bowlbys work closely, commissioned him to write a report on the mental health of homeless children in post-war Europe. While researching the report Bowlby visited some(prenominal) countries and met with many childcare professionals and experts giving him the opportunity to look further into his theory on attachment and the importance of a strong bond between mother and child. His findings supported his thinking entirely and the report was written in six months and published in 1951, entitled Maternal Care and Mental Health.Bowlby went on to publish further papers and books and his findings and research on attachment and the mother child bond has had a profound impact on childcare in general and that of the early years setting. As Juliet Mickleburgh states in her article Attachment Theory and the Key Person Approach Bowlbys research is recognised as the foundation for our taking into custody of the centrality of making unsex attachments in infancy. Juliet Mickleburgh, www. eyfs. info There have been numerous changes to childcare practice since the 1940s and Bowlbys influence must be acknowledged.It can be no coincidence that family allowance was introduced in 1946 in the UK, the same year 44 Juvenile Thieves was published, making it affordable for mothers to stay at home with their children. Bowlby made a plea for reforms in the care of young children in hospital and advocated rooming in where the baby stays with mother from birth in the maternity ward. Although some childrens hospitals were already extending visitation rights of parents many more followed their lead after the publication of Bowlbys W. H. O report, ensuring that the mother/child bond remained as strong as possible.In the early years setting we have witnessed the implementation of the Key Person Approach pioneered by Elinor Goldschmied. This approach recognises that an infant will be comfort by a secure relationship with one specific adult. We can now see this in prac tice in the nursery, each child has their own Key Worker who has the duty of monitoring the childs needs and development. This approach also accepts the need for parents and early years practitioners to work together rather than independently and the key worker regularly liaises with the parents forecasting their child.Parents are also encouraged to become actively involved with the life of the nursery and to work in coalition with the nursery staff to provide their child with a positive, stable and stimulating learning environment. In my view as a parent and an early years practitioner I believe that Bowlbys research has benefitted both children and families immensely. As a mother I feel that society supports my right to be at home with my children until they go to school and that I am the childs most vital resource in their early years, not only for feeding but for their emotional development.To echo the words of John Major, Bowlby laid the foundation for mothers in the 21st ce ntury to go back to basics. As a practitioner I believe that the implementation of the key person approach can be immensely beneficial for both the child and the parent. The child knows that there is always someone there to whom they can turn if necessary and the parent knows that there will always be someone looking out for their child in the setting and that he/she is being given the attention and care of a trained adult in their absence.I have witnessed first-hand in the nursery how a child who is upset by the departure of their mother can be comforted by the attention of their key worker. I have also observed how the key workers are constantly monitoring the children to pinpoint any needs, to witness the achievement of developmental milestones and to document this for the parents in the form of the Personal Learning Plan, a written and photographic record of the childs achievements within the setting.In conclusion, although there have been arguments against Bowlbys research meth ods many professionals agreed with his findings regarding the importance of a secure attachment in the early years. These findings, and undoubtedly those of others in the field, have led to positive reforms in childcare. As we progress through the 21st century women are feeling the need, either for financial reasons or the belief that they too have the right to work, I find myself asking will society continue to regard the bond between a mother and her child as paramount or will maternal deprivation increase and society as a whole be damaged as a result?Bibliography www. mentalhelp. net/poc/view_doc. php? type=docid=10104cn=28 Bowlby J. 1953. Child Care and the Growth of Love, 2nd ed, England, Pelican Books Davenport G. C 1994. An Introduction to Child Development, 2nd ed, London, Collins Educational www. eyfs. info/articles/article. php? Attachment-Theory-and-the-Key-Person-Approach-66 .

Java Calendar Tutorial Essay

IntroductionThis tutorial is designed to provide you with an understanding of the Java schedule class, its backgrounds, purpose and recitations. It is created in such a manner as to allow nonetheless beginning Java programmers an understanding and feel for the uses of the Java calendar class. The Java Calendar class was added to the Java Development Kit in JDK 1.1. It is designed to permit the conversion between a specialised instance in measure and a set of Calendar fields. (Oracle, 2004, 2010) What exactly does this mean? The Calendar class uses a huge array of tables to keep track of time based on daylight savings time, timezones, and calendar history, the calendar class uses a system time to determine where whatever event is being tracked falls on in the internal calendar tables. Some confusion is ca utilize by this as Java does keep track of specific location time, and the programmer needs to keep this in mind when using the Calendar class even when it isnt relevant to the problem being addressed (Roedy Green, Canadian Mind Products, 1196-2011).How to use the Calendar classThe Calendar Class and its associated regularitys are used by three methods. The programmer can import the calendar class and whatever specific method or constructor they will use in their program by importing it as importjava.util.specificfunctionFor instance, if the programmer wished to set the date at heart a program, but that was all that was needed, for instance no date specific math was needed as in a log file, then the programmer could use, importjava.util.Calendar.setIf the programmer needs to have greater functionality associated with the dates being used within a program the programmer should use the entire Calendar class. This takes up more space within a program, however provides a much simpler method of bellyacheing items from the Java Calendar class as all of its functionality is available to the entire program. This format would simply be, importjava.util.Calend arFinally the programmer can call within the program any specific function required within the Calendar class by using a fully qualified disclose for the method being used, if the programmer wished to use the set function once within a program and that was all that was needed the programmer could simply use public void java.util.Calendar.setFor ease of use of associated Java Calendar methods and constructs however it is generally recommended that the programmer use the import function and import the entire Calendar class. This provides for significantly less time coding, and less possibility of mistakes in typing out commands and code as less code is necessary.Melissa Robinsons Section any so often a program wishes to know something about a date, such as what day of the week something took place or whitethornbe you would analogous to know which of the 12 months have 30 long time. This can be completed with the Calendar class within the java.util package. The very first thing tha t should be through is to import the package import java.util.CalendarThe next thing to do is to get an instance of the Calendar class Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance( ) Be aware that the constructor cannot in a flash be called upon with new Calendar( ), since its an abstract class. The next thing to do is set the date and time of what is wanted to know about certain things cal.set(year,month,day)For the month parameter, January is 0, February is 1, March is 2, etc. The constants Calendar.MONTH can also be used. Each and every calendar has a set of boundaries that are automatically updated when the calendar is altered. The get ( ) method can access these and a set of constants that characterize a number of available fields. So it can be noted that some very diminutive things can be done with the calendar now. For example, the week of the year that a day falls on can be found by using int week = cal.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR)OrFor example. Use the getActualMaximum() to find the number of days in acertain month intdaysInMonth = cal.getActualMaximum(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH) Here are some fields that may be useful within the Calendar Class * DAY_OF_WEEK Returns the day of the week that a day falls on, 1 through 7 days. * DAY_OF_YEAR Returns the number of days into the year that the date occurs * WEEK_OF_MONTH Returns the week number in the current month where the date occurs * DAY_OF_MONTH Returns the current day of the monthAndrew McCutchans SectionExamples of Calendar Class UseBelow are some typical examples of the usage of the java calendar class. /* Java CalendarFollow along with this example in a text editor to have java show todays date and time. */import java.util.Calendarpublic class JavaCalendar public static void main (string args) Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance() System.out.println( right away is + cal.getTime() ) By following the formats for cal.get instances mentioned above, one can find the various dates, times, weeks, and months in cu rrent formats, or in predetermined periods. This method allows programmers to set specific time constraints when coding for specific results.End of SectionMethods Within the Calendar ClassThere are many methods within the calendar class. Methods are used for querying, setting, and doing arithmetic on the various fields of the date and time. The most commonly used methods are * add( )* set( )* roll( )References1. Oracle. (2004, 2010). java.util Class Calendar. Retrieved from http//download.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/Calendar.htmlset(int, int) 2. Roedy Green, Canadian Mind Products. (1196-2011). Calendar Java Glossary. Retrieved from http//mindprod.com/jgloss/calendar.html

United Nations Role in Peace and Security

As we all know the UNO is an international organization of almost 192 member countries of the world and was founded earlier replaced by the League of Nations some 63 years back in October 24,1945 in San Francisco, California, shortly after World War -II. No doubt the tragedy, bloodshed, massacre, hurt and nuclear atrocities by the USA gave alarming feelings to the nations to freeing the world from the possibility of wars in future. However, its successes and failures in achieving this objective are still debatable. The UNO as stated supra is a renewed precursor body of the League of Nations.So before reviewing the UNOs functions, it will be worthwhile to look into the history of the League as the new generation is non much aware of its role. LEAGUE OF NATIONS The League was founded after the devastation, slaughter, disaster and atrocities of the world war-I. It was also an international organization set up in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles in 1919-20 with only 58 member s. Its major goal consisted of disarmament, prevention of war and settling disputes between the countries. The harbinger of setting up this organization was the United States President Mr.Woodrow Wilson. besides surprisingly the Senate of his own country refused to be become its member which was, no doubt, a serious blow to the prestige of the League. However, new(prenominal) great powers like the United Kingdom and France remained its members. It was to fulfil the dream of fundamental shift in the thought from the preceding centuries. Unlike the UNO,the League did not keep its own armed forces and was dependent on the great powers to enforce its resolutions and peace-making struggles. It could not enforce its three sanctions as envisaged under its covenant.Therefore after,no doubt, a few notability successes, the following failures resulted in its replacement by the United Nations- 1. In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria alone no effective sanction was imposed on the aggressor. 2. In 1935,Italy attacked Abyssinia solely none of the great powers took any notice of it. . 3. Germany was not allowed to join the League in 1919 as it had croaked the war. 4. Russia was also denied its membership in 1917 being a communistic government to pose fear in Western Europe. Eventually these three most powerful countries could not play their positive role in encouraging the league.This sort of plight has been stated by Mussolini in a sarcaustic manner as under The League is very well when sparrows shout, but no beloved at all when eagles fall out So the League after the end of the first world war was replaced by the UNO in 1945 having remained in population from 1919 to 1945. THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION After the closure of the League of Nations, the UNO was established on 24th October,1945 but its first General Assembly comprising 51 member countries was held on 10th January,1946 in London.One can well assess that the brunts and tragedies of both the world wars gave a fillip to the idea of revamping the body of the League to play more effective role anew to restore peace and harmony amongst the states. This idea was elaborated in the Declarations signed during war time conferences held in Moscow and capital of Iran in 1943. Mr. Franklin D. Roosevelt, the President of the USA proposed its name as UNITED NATIONS. Its charter was drafted by the governments as well as non-government organizations like Lion Club International.To start with 51 nations signed the charter of the United Nations. The charter was later ratified by five permanent members of the Security Council viz USA, UK, France and China, followed by a majority of the other(a) 40 signatories. As a result of the unanimous votes by the U. S. Senate and the House of Re stickatives, the UNOs Headquarter were made in the United States. Accordingly U. N. Headquarters building was constructed in New York city in 1949 and 1950 beside the East River on the land purchased by an 8. million doll ars donation from John D. Rockefeller. The land is now considered international territory but apart from some diplomatic privileges and immunities, the laws of the New York city,New York state and the U. S. in general do apply. The UNO is supported by some other organizations like the Security Council, UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO and a few more to resolve conflicts and to maintain peace in the world as well as to eliminate illiteracy, poverty, hunger and to enhance respect for sympathetic rights. PAKISTANS ROLE IN THE UNO.Pakistan is proud to play its role in the peace-keeping missions of the United Nations. Pakistan became its member on 30th September,1947 i. e. just after one months creation of it on the world map as a new country. Since 1960, Pakistan is enthusiastically performing its responsibility in the U. N. peace-keeping missions with over ten grand troops and observers. Currently Pakistans involvement in restoring peace in Somalia, Sierra Leon, Bosnia, Congo, Liberia and East T emore have been commended not by the UNO but the world at large.No other country including any muslim state has been that active to contribute this sort of role in the United Nations. This speaks of the valour and vividity of our armed forces on the global impact. Conclusion The first decade of the 21st century is going to complete with both hope and distress co-existing side by side. Peace and growing and concept of democracy and equality are still missing in many parts of the world despite our trumpeted slogan of world getting into a global village.No doubt the globalization has drawn countries closer and closer with reference to their economic relationship, advanced means of communications and regional cooperation etc. But these developments are posing some alarming questions to the general public like local wars, revolutions and conflicts coming up from time to time. The Iraq war and situation between Israel and heaven witnessing tragedies every day. Similarly wars in Africa e ntangled with poverty and diseases are still continuing.As a matter of fact after the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan on 6th and 8th August,1945, the possession of nuclear device by some countries created a sense of self-protection and safety. In this counsel the dream of peace and harmony in the world does not seem to be converted into the reality in the near future. But we are not that pessimist because the UNO is undoubtedly a microcosm of the world and despite so many reservations politically, its role in promoting disarmament for a safer future to the posterity cannot be denied.In the global concept its importance and necessity is gaining momentum day by day. It is now the most acclaimed universal representative and authoritative organization with 192 member countries in its present set up and we do hope that it will progress more in the time to come. Those countries who have not become its members so far, should also come forward to strengthen the UNO in general and the present Secretary General Mr. Ban Ki-moon In particular.

Chicc Boy Research Paper

CHIC-BOY Vision To become the premiere franchisee of Chic-boy by the year 2020. Mission To be the best Chic-boy franchisee in the Philippines by providing the most appetizing Filipino food at in truth competitive prices. Will consistently maintain the highest standards in food preparation and service. Not only profit-oriented but is service-oriented as well. nimiety food that are not served will be donated to our less fortunate brothers and sisters at the end of the day.Goals and Objectives 1st Objective conduct a soft- scuttle of the franchise by December 2011 and to be fully operational by the start of year 2012 Our specific objectives are the following To conduct daily inspections on the floor and restaurant equipment Strictly implement the specifications set by Chic-boy and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To hire prospective employees with the ample amount of experience every 6 months. To come off employee skills and knowledge of Chic-boy operating procedures every 2 m onths.To strictly comply with the requirements set by Chic-boy through punctual payment of royalty wagess and other related payables. To get to an ROI in a span of two days. To establish a minimum of 5 branches by 2020. Chicken at Baboy Brief history of the note A group of BM studens from DLSU-M saw a great potential in franchising and they were encouraged by their professor to pursue the venture. A few of them started to notice Chic-boy in a commercial center in Alabang. It was a relatively advanced establishment, yet a lot of customers were entering it.This made the group curious and afterwards some research, they have finally decided to get a franchise of Chic-boy. They thought that it was a good opportunity for them, because they can put the franchise in more desirable locations in chthonicpass Manila. Definition of the Market Fast Food Restaurant (aka Quick Service Restaurant) limited menu establishment which lends itself to output signal line techniques of producing food that is served packaged for immediate consumption, on or off the restaurant premises. ( prerogative Direct. com, n. d. , para. 3).Fast Food Industry can be assessed as overly virtuous because of the countless establishments competing for dominance Established brands make it hard for prospective entrepreneurs to enter the industry with a new product or service Chic-boy provides a new concept which may tap the unexplored portion of the fast food industry as it still holds some potential growth and success for newcomers. Its concept integrates the best qualities of the leading fast food arrange today The franchise will target the B, C, and D trade of the Philippine population.Students and employees with a strict compute for food but still crave for rich-tasting Filipino food that will fill their bellies to the rim will find what they are looking for in Chic-boy. A budget of around PhP 50 to PhP 100 will surely satisfy ones hunger Currently, Chic-boy has no significant share in the fast food market but it is slowly gaining foothold with 4 take-out stores and 10 dine-in stores, 9 of which are franchises. 10 more are under construction all over Metro Manila, and 4 of these will be serving 24/7.Description of Products Services Product Chic-boy Started on 2008 and became franchisable November the year after, Chic-boy is relatively new in the market. Registered under the Philippine Franchise Association (PFA) which certifies that it is legal and all its documents are complete. Chic-boys concept is integrating into one fast food restaurant the best qualities of the leading fast food chains today much(prenominal) as the best-selling chicken inasal, lechon manok and liempo together with the ever popular unlimited rice. It highlights the most popular Filipino dishes that is best suitable for a fast food setting.Cebu Lechon Manok Cebu Lechon Liempo Chibog Busog Meals Chiquito Meals Magandang Umaga Meals Sizzling Specials Soup Merienda Side Orders Extras Dessert s Drinks Chic-Boy board Organization and Management Company Structure Organizational chart of union and the Chic-boy franchise Partnership consists of 5 partners Two general partners oversees the overall operations of the franchise Three limited partners are consulted by general partners from time to time Partners receive able share of earnings As an incentive, general partners receive salaries for their time, effort and resource spent in the operations Company Structure Business Permit city managers permit BIR permit SEC registration Form (for partnership) Insurance Barangay Permit DOLE permit DOH-BFAD Accreditation Special Licenses and Permits Brief Bio of Key Managers Shekinah Bonite A flow rate student of De La Salle University-Manila under the Business Management program Born folk 21, 1991 Eldest among four siblings Noel Aguilar A current student of De La Salle University-Manila under the Business Management program Born November 14, 1989 Youngest among four siblings Mar keting and Sales B,C,D market Young and old Filipino food one to 3 years of operations - exponential Growth after the third year - Gradual increase this is due to the ecline in demand of the customers Growth and Projection Channels of dissemination Main supplier Franchisor Provides all raw materials Start up cost 3,500,000 to 5,000,000 Inclusive of the ff trade name and propriety marks chic boy descent model site assessment, design and construction assistance management manual training programs Procurement program IT support Marketing and Pre and Grand and Post opening assistance Term of the franchise 7 years Franchise fee 500,000 Renewal of the contract 50% of the prevailing franchise fee Royalty fee 5% of gross sales Marketing and advertising fee 2% of the gross sales ROI 2 to 2. 5 years Aguilar. Araneta. Bonite. Piad. Vergara THANK YOU New business model developed by Pier One Bar and Grill Holdings Corp. Combination of the Lechon Manok and Liempo from Cebu and the Chicken Inasa l from Bacolod. Opened its first branch in Marikina on September 2008. Currently has Four branches of Chic-Boy take-out stores. company-owned, 1 franchised. Ten dine-in branches. 1 company-owned, 9 franchised. Business Description and Vision or so Chic-Boy Marketing and Sales Price Prices are very openable. Because the target market is the B, C and D the prices that are set will fit in their budget. The class A market can also afford it if they wish to try it out. Prices range from P49 to P99 for individual meals. P100 to P200 for Lechon Manok and Liempo. Product Offers a variety of Filipino cuisine, with a different kind of flare. Can quickly be served. Menu is diverse, customers can choose from a wide range of dishes. Quality and value for the customers money.Place Most of the franchises are located in other places of NCR, such as Las Pinas and Mandaluyong. There is only one Chic-boy branch in Paranaque as of now. Owners strategically chose Sucat as the location where they will put their establishment because of the foot traffic. promotional material Reliant on word of mouth for advertising since Chic-boy is new to the market. Franchisor may opt to launch print, TV, and radio advertisements soon, none as of now. SoruceChic-Boy Chicken at Baboy. (2010). About Chic-Boy. Retrieved February 22, 2010 from http//www. chic-boy. com. ph/about. html SoruceChic-Boy Chicken at Baboy. (2010). Chic-Boy Menu. Retrieved February 22, 2010 fromhttp//www. chic-boy. com. ph/about. html Financial Management

H&M Apparel Chains

Apart from Spains Zara, the Swedish retailer Hennes & Mauritz (H&M) differentiates itself from most turn chains for its idiom treat fashion as if it were perishable produce. In Europe, H&M is considered to be an industry leader because it offers the on-trend look at an extremely down(p)er price. In 2000, it decided to begin to establish a predatory marketing strategy of expansion within the US.The strengths of H&M are that it is a well-known company worldwide it responds quickly to trends, particularly in its similarities to haute couture and the catwalk within a turnaround cycle speed of 3 weeks and it is recognized for its incredibly low prices on trendy, seasonal fit out. The weaknesses of H&M are that it is relatively unknown in the States it has yet to distinguish and set itself apart from inexpensive American apparel chains and its goods are not high-quality. Primary Problem Flawed Marketing Research The absence of a definitive marketing strategy is of primary concern.Wit h put on of hindsight, some deficiencies in H&Ms research design merited attention. It was geared towards the simple idea of expansion rather than establishing genuine market presence. Because it tried to expand too quickly, it imprudently purchased outlets too big and in poor locations, instead of nameing up its presence more slowly and carefully. H&M believed no competition could ever be more on-trend and more fashionable than they. However, H&M showed the fallacy of attempting growth beyond immediate capabilities in a growth-at-any-cost mindset.The rationale for embracing great growth is that it needed to run with the ball if it were to ever get that rare opportunity to suddenly double or triple sales. But there are times when a slower, more controlled growth is prudent. Secondary Problem External Factors Apparently, it did not learn from Benettons noncurrent mistakes. For example, it too had tried to establish a strong presence in the US and had failed. Similarly, The Gap, a US company, also tried to further expand only choked because of the numerous retailers with their offshore resources being able to knock off current fashions much more quickly and competing favorably.Discount stores, such as Wal-Mart and Target, drop big boxes in the suburbs also with offshore facilities enabling them to offer current fashion at low prices. This means that even if H&M is kickoff to introduce the fashions, within weeks the competition could offer similar merchandise. In addition to obvious competitors, H&M did not underscore or create affluent attention to its prospective customers of its distinguishing characteristics. Certainly, it recognized the importance of the dyadic relationship by hiring salespeople with similar characteristics to their customers. But it still was not effective in communicating its formula.Recommended Solutions 1. kind of of just wholly owned subsidiaries, H&M could enter into a joint venture with an American department store to at least build some presence and recognition. Licensing is a fairly low-risk method for entering into a joint venture. An example of this sort of arrangement would be what Guess has with Macys stores. Although H&M may have given up most of the profits, this would be a prudent manner in expanding its recognition throughout the US. H&M should still own and operate facilities in the US where it is more urban and less surrounded by discount stores. . The symbolic value of H&M needs to be underscored either through an advertisement campaign or celebrity endorsements. Although celebrities demand big bucks, the endorsements are worth the price if done in moderation and with the best of the best. Obviously, H&M recognized this in 2007 when it contracted with Madonna to do commercials and magazine advertisements. Of course, the effectiveness of these methods is difficult to measure but as long as the communication is remembered, recognized, or recalled, this will instill further presence in H&Ms goa l of expansion.

Revolutionary Mothers Essay

Carol Berkin masterfully presents a glimpse of the lives of the women who were affected by the ultra War through many different eyes, views, and opinions in Revolutionary Mothers Women in the Struggle for Independence. She paints a vivid picture in your mind of how the war affected these women by not focusing on one race or political view, solely rather through multiple races and political views. passim this criminal record, the author describes the women of the Revolution as courageous, yet intelligent, strong, yet resourceful.In Berkins writings, her admiration for these women is apparent. She describes how these women felt as if they new that they had very important roles in the war, however they didnt see them as much more(prenominal)(prenominal) than supporting the men who actually were meant to run the country. As strong willed as many of these women were, they made rachitic attempts at equal rights during these male dominated times. This book was given validity through s upporting texts. Berkin utilise other authors such as Elizabeth Ellet to drive her points firm.She is able to give even more personal cortical potential from letter correspondences as well as diaries from women who were caught up in the midst of these times. Finally, Berkin uses documents such as the Philipsburg Proclamation, the Edenton Resolves, and the contain of Negroes as a foundation to much of the support or neglect thereof for the Americans. I gestate that the author did an outstanding job of presenting the information in this book. Many authors would have tried to intertwine these womens stories in order to make the story more interesting as a consentaneous.Instead she sets excursion a chapter to different groups she wants to go into detail discussing. For instance, she doesnt try to compare and contrast the women who were on the home front to the women who followed the armies. Instead, she helps you realize the importance of both by devoting time to each group. This allows us to learn more rough these women and get a grasp of what they really went through. The multiple number of resources Berkin used keep this book interesting.She does a good job of making sure there are notes in the back to go along with each chapter in the case that you want to, or need to, learn more about the chapter or to receive expanded content. Also, these notes give you a great resource for continuing your research on that chapters topic. I consider myself somewhat of a history buff. I had learned much about the wars and causes of the Revolutionary War. I had seen many documentaries about the war. This book however lent its hand to a tout ensemble different side of the war.You never learn about the women who are left at home, nor the women who follow the armies, nor the women who were playacting as spies. My knowledge has been impacted greatly by this book. My eyes have been opened to a whole new side of the war that you never even knew existed. Overall I believe t his book was a great, and relevant book for this course. I think it was interesting as a whole because of the extensive resources Berkin used. I will admit that there were some dry parts that I had to work my way through, but the knowledge gained was worth the fighting through.

Crito Analysis Essay

Rhetorical Question but my dear Crito, why should we pay so much attention to what closely people think? The logical people, who have more claim to be considered, will believe that the facts are exactly as they are (906).Personification Consider then, Socrates, the justnesss would probably continue, whether it is excessively true for us to say that what you are trying to do to us is not right (913).Platos Crito is one of the many tremendously influential pieces of literature produced in ancient Greece. It is a thought-provoking, philosophical news regarding the role of the individual within society, and how to treat injustice. As part of a series of imaginary dialogues amidst Socrates and other characters, Crito deals with the conflict Socrates is presented with, as he awaits execution. Crito, one of Socrates close friends, urges Socrates to escape prison while he still can. Crito offers several arguments to justify his escape, including the shame he would endure from the pub lic for letting his friend die, and the unworthy example it would set for the children of Athens. However, Socrates carefully analyzes each of Critos arguments for escaping, and proves them invalid through logic and deductive cerebrate. The characterization, alone my dear Crito, why should we pay so much attention to what most people think? The reasonable people, who have more claim to be considered, will believe that the facts are exactly as they are (906), demonstrates the method that Socrates uses to persuade. Socrates asks a rhetorical question to expose the silliness of the Critos worries. It represents the wisdom and morals of Socrates. Critos strongest argument is that Socrates would be promoting injustice by accepting his unfair sentence. However, Socrates disproves this point as well, by reasoning that he would be harming the Law by escaping death. Socrates, who has tried to live his life as powerful and peacefully as possible, would be prisonbreak every moral he ever lived by if he chose to crop against the law. He regards the Law higher than his own life. He sees the Law as a father to him it has embossed him, educated him, and allowed him to live a comfortable life. No matter how much he disagrees with its ways, he cannot rent himself to disobey it.Throughout Socrates discussions, he often has conversations with himself and the Law. Plato personifies the Law by giving it human-like qualities and speech it is suggested that the Law can be hurt, and angry. He does this to distinguish it as a character that has feelings. For example, you will leave this place, when you do, as the victim of a wrong done not by us, the Laws, but by your fellow men. But if you leave in that dishonorable way, returning wrong from wrong, and evil for evil, breaking your agreements with us, and injuring those whom you least ought to injure yourself, your country, and us ,- then you will face our anger (916), demonstrates the authority of the Law. Socrates suggests it is better to die a victim who has lived justly and killed unjustly, than to return the injustice and hurt the Laws. He states, it is never right to do a wrong or return a wrong or defend ones self against injury by retaliation (911), which exemplifies the belief that injustice cannot be treated with injustice. Socrates mentions an agreement being broken in this passage this alludes to the belief that there is a social contract between the individual and government. Socrates reasons that when a citizen lives in Athens, he is indirectly supporting the laws and abiding them. The individual has a moral obligation to the government. While it is beneficial to dispute the government under some circumstances, one threatens the foundation of a stable society by breaking its laws. Socrates, who has lived 70 years of Athenian life, is content by living in accordance with this contract. He feels a state simply cannot exist if laws have no power. He firmly believes in the importance of una ppeasable laws, as he calls them the most precious achievement of human history. Besides, he reasons that a man of his age, with weensy life left to live, would lose his reputation by clinging so greedily to life, at the price of violating the most stringent laws (915). For all these reasons, Crito remains an influential piece that poses big questions and promotes critical thinking.

ICT and an Adult in Education Essay

Mr Williams is a instructor at my cultivate, he teaches ICT and Business Studies at KS3, ICT at KS4, Form Tutor, Production, aggregation and Collation of Reports for the alone of my inculcate. He produces entropy on savants and for ply to help in teaching and learning, he also produces statistics for round, superior staff, LEA and DFES. He also produces information to do with effort grades ad tar draw in argona setting information.So he uses a lot of technology, this includes* PCs on a earnings* Apple Macs on a interlocking* Internet via 10MB broadband* E-mail* laptop computer also on entanglement* digital Video Camera* Digital Still Camera* Digital LCD Projector* Palm m515 PDA* Wireless Notebooks Window/MAC OS* USB Memory sticks* Data put down Hardware* Control hardware/software* Fax* Also functional interactive WhiteboardMr Williams is a teacher of I.C.T and business studies at Key Stage 3, teacher of I.C.T at Key Stage 4, Production, collection and sharpness of Reports for the whole school, effort grades and target setting information he produces also. He produces of information on students for staff to use which go away help in teaching and learning. He has achieved the Electronic registration system for the whole school within 12 months for people to use and view. He performs general backup for staff victimization RM software, he also performs General Net tempt Administration which is adding new pupils and staff users. He gives advice on purchasing new equipment for the whole school and departments. He selects, purchases and setups laptops for teachers use E-Learning. Mr Williams analyses exam results so senior staff and heads of long time or departments so they are aware of achievement compared to the expected results. Staff are also able to view these results so they send packing be aware of performance issues. Subject staffs, heads of years and departments, senior staff and form tutors are also able to access these results, gra des and comments. Extra software is available which will help staff by using the system that was introduced by Mr Williams, (software produced using Microsoft Visual Basic).The RM Net overworkThe RM network system allows Mr Williams to access the information on students and is able to update it if essential such as if the student changes address or phone numbers. Mr Howells fuel straightway, after Mr Williams has set the network up, can get access to LEA Management Information establishment and the school records. Data bases are creates to hold student information on staffs users names or folders on their laptops. Mr Williams has also enabled access from home, using the internet and school pass records. He has also updates the Pupil Achievement Tracker software which allows staff to store progress of students within classes or year group. The RM connect system enables Mr Williams and two other portions of staff, who are supervisor users, to access students work areas to go p roblems and to check appropriate use of course of studys and internet. The E-mail system is also filtered so inappropriate E-mails are redirected and staff are able to view them, the access of websites with inappropriate language or content such as pictures, Mr Williams and the other two members can check. The RM system is set up to allows staff to open Read solely documents so they can give students access to related subjects. Mr Williams uses this for providing information, revision materials, coursework guides and modelling situations and simulation materials. Also utilize is a Virtual CDROM software and a multimedia server this allows staff and students to access CDROM images, such as the Applied ICT On-Line course apply in years 9, 10 and 11.Digital Multimedia engineering scienceMr Williams also uses digital multimedia technology to help provide teaching and learning resources. Mr Williams used a digital camcorder, a distillery camcorder and Video editing software on Apple computers on a create by mental act called IMovie and Windows, Microsoft Movie Maker2 to interview staff in local company. The final video clips were used on Matchware Mediator, which helped him to produce a series of web pages which students now use for their coursework tasks.Digital LCD ProjectorMr Williams uses a digital LCD projector to allow students to use and interact with progressing work. Either Mr Williams or a Student will run the PC being used in the demonstration or teaching session. Mr Williams also uses this technology with teachers on Inset days for staff.School Internet NetworkMr Williams uses the internet the school provides for teaching and learning and colligate on the school system. The internet is used for research for topics and to help Mr Williams keep up to date with the educational activity and subjects. Students and staff use the school e-mail system to say or send work for brand or that has been marked via E-mail.Mr Williams can view students progr ess on GCSE grades by using created selective informationbases in DataPower which stores coursework marks, comments and examination marks. Formulae is used to estimate the final grade the student may be given up to the student, he can do this by using board supplied information. This information is shared with students and used to discipline back to parents.Virtual LearningMr Williams has helped in the introduction of a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). The VLE allows students to transfer web pages to the school system and also as a secure data and information reposition area for students work.PDAMr Williams uses PDA in school this holds a lot of utile information such as Diary information, pupil performance information, examples of E-book for future reference by students in the school. Software and information can be beamed using Infra Red technology to members of staff or to certain Infra-Red equipped printers in the school.USB StickMr Williams has introduced the use of US B stick technology which enables transport of large amounts of data in a compact secure form (32 or 128 Mb at present).Data enter and Control HardwareMr Williams uses Data Logging and Control hardware in teaching and provides INSET days for ICT and Science staff, these days are needed to improve the quality of teachWirelessMr Williams uses the wireless (55Mb) notebooks with students in school and with adult learners to allow them to experience new technology. The advantages are obvious, a lot more plaza recommended for each machine, extra infra form is required, (Wireless access points can be plugged into network sockets, for uncomplicated movement), students can also work in groups in a more adjustable way.The School NetworkThe School Network System enables Mr Williams to access information on students or necessary by students or staff anywhere in the school.SoftwareHe uses a lot of software such as Microsoft Word Access, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Publishe r, DataPower 2, Macromedia dreamweaver, Macromedia Fireworks, Macromedia Flash, Macromedia Freehand, Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Photo depot, Pupil Achievement Tracker (PAT), IMovie, Microsoft Movie Maker 2, QuickTime Pro, Microsoft Visual Basic, Internet Explorer, EasyMail and lookout Express.Hardware and Network, Windows Desktop PCs, Windows Laptop, Apple IBooks (wireless) Apple G4 desktops, Apple Network using MACOS Xserver, RM Connect network using 5 NT4 servers and a multimedia server, Fibre Optic spine connecting four cabinets which contain Hubs and Switches, 100Mb Ethernet to the desktop, 10Mb wideband Internet access with RM SmartCache technology, Palm m515 PDA using IR and USB technologies for transferring data. He also uses a Promethean Interactive Whiteboard, Sony digital video camera, Canon digital video camera, Sony digital still camera, Canon digital still camera.The InternetMr Williams uses the internet for research, if he did not choose the internet he would ca-ca to get information from textbooks, and use more textbooks during lessons while he teaches. If he had to do this it would be expensive. If he was not able to film access to the internet it would mean he would have to photocopy from books so he would have to arrange time before and after lessons to photocopy the information needed. To do this more money is needed to be spent and more time would be needed, so other jobs will not be able to be completed as time would be go down ond on photocopying. As Mr Williams will always be up to date with resources as he uses the internet. Mr Williams also uses the internet to buy gifts for friends and family, such as buying tickets fro the cinema or theatre, with his friends and family. He likes using the internet to exactly gifts as he gets an online discount, that isnt available in the shops and by using the internet he doesnt have to waste time waiting in queues. Although there is a disadvantage about purchasing online as he doesnt always get to s ee all the objects in the shop, and he also has to pay for delivery, but that works out the same as the amount of money he would of spent driving to the shop and parking.The PDAThe PDA had several facilities this means Mr Williams will have all the information he take for the day. If he didnt have this piece of technology Mr Williams wouldnt be able to travel virtually school to see students and teachers as he would have to carry lots of papers with him if he didnt have this technology. Sometimes he is not able to take his laptop into meetings but with this programme he is able to save work to his area, this is handy as he will never relinquish his work or information, like he would if he had to carry paper around with him. The PDA has facilities which a useful to Mr Williams, such as alarms and a diary, this meets his needs as he is never late to an day of the month or meeting and never misses a private party or function, like a family members of friends birthday party.Digital CamcorderHe uses a digital camcorder to create applications for his students ICT classes. This allows Mr Williams to download the resources directly to the system. Mr Williams can now uses student friendly resources in his teaching schedules, enriching and improving the experience of his students education.Memory StickMr Williams uses a shop stick which allows him to be more resourceful and more flexible in his job. This means Mr Williams can hold data on and be able to transport it around school easily. As he can store more work it means he can do more work at home in his own time in the evenings and at the weekend. This means Mr Williams can now spend more time at home as before he had a memory stick he would have had to spend more time at school, which before he matt-up he was missing out on his family life.Notebook dingle D810He uses a Notebook Dell D810, this means he now has more freedom than he used too. Before he had this laptop it meant that he had to sit at a desktop, wh ich is usually in a classroom, and could not get often work finished. This programme means that he can move around during school, as long as it has a wireless connection to the network, having this means he can complete all of his work.Microsoft WordThis Microsoft programme can give Mr Williams a variety of options and facilities. One of the facilities is mail merge is useful for producing reports for students. If Mr Williams did not have this option of using Microsoft Word, it would take him an awful long time to add addresss and reports for students. The word processing software also checks his spelling and grammar so it looks professional and correct. Power Point is also used by Mr Williams to create presentations for students. Having this programme allows students how to create different fun pieces or work.E-MailMr Williams uses E-mail for school and his societal life he uses this so he can send work to and from home, also he can sends work to students via e-mail, with suggest ions on how to improve their work. He also uses this to expire with his family and friends to arrange events in his social life. He likes e-mail because he knows that when he sent an e-mail, it will be viewed by the person he has sent it to, when they open their inbox. This therefore means he can communicate. This means he can communicate with anyone when he is on his computer and isnt near a phone. Doing this means he doesnt have to wait until the person turns on their phone or leaves a message or is at home. Mr Williams feels that when he leaves a message on a phone, he doesnt feel he can communicate properly. He knows that if he sends an e-mail, all of the necessary information will be displayed once read.Network SystemMr Williams is able to access information anywhere in the school. This means that he can complete his work anywhere and any time, when he has spare time.

An Event

Aims Good educational solid ground Safety for tout ensemble students Enjoyable start out Effective and efficient transport Here ar the aims in which we atomic number 18 come out at to achieve on the go which we occupy. We watch chosen to aim to bulge a good educational keystoneground from the misstep beca employment it accordingly cast offs us a higher abide by on which to evaluate the elusion and we thusly(prenominal) gain good knowledge. Safety for all students is really important no matter what the depart Involves. The move around being enjoyable by the students Is withal Important because then we are alike gallon an experience th hard-bitten school work.Objectives Be nonionized Effective conversation throughout the group En for certain e really unrivalled is aware knowing what is going on at all time Make sure e rattlingone is happy with what we are doing student input Objectives are what are in daub in hostel to achieve the aim in that locationf rom we are looking at to achieve the aims above which pass on make the trip a successful one. The main objective on the trip is to be organized because if we are non organized then could end up ca development big problems throughout.Outcomes Successful trip Receiving a positive feedback from all Individuals on the trip Show that we evoke work to corroborateher as a team and successfully These outcomes are in distance as these are what we are looking to chip in achieved from the trip. Primary Market Research For the primary research in which we were using to use to chit-chat which picks are lift out for the trip and will hopefully allow us to meet our aims and objectives, we created a mindnaire and asked 31 people to see what they thought. Here are the questions in which we asked.Out of the following places where would you some uniformly like to go out? For each(prenominal) of these trips, how often would you be impulsive to throw for them? For each of these trips w hich activities would you close to likely like to enter in? For each of these trips, which activities would you be most likely to figure in? For each of these trips how more(prenominal) than would you be willing to pay for them? (Paris) Below are the results In which we received from the questionnaire that we asked and the evaluations to which we could chose most enamorly to the students wants and of necessity. Dents would want to manducate would be modernistic York. This channelises that although some students would like to see some of the other options in which was available New York would be most likely. 15 out of 31 people said they would prefer New York which installs that it is a universal attraction and would be considered for our trip. We asked a number of people how often they would be willing to pay to go to New York. The results show that students would be willing to pay IEEE-IEEE. From these results we know that students are aware of the set in which New Yo rk would cost.We now know that we would have to keep the set of the trip at bottom this pricing bracket as none of the students we asked said that they would pay IEEE-IOW. We regain that this is a good result because looking at the chart above, the majority of the people that we asked said that they would like to go New York, and comparing it to his one they said that they would be willing to pay a reasonable a mise en scene of notes up to IEEE, this gives us prime reason to plan a New York trip at an affordable expenditure and hence meet our aims in which we have set.For each trip we go on, we have to beingness events on which to recall whilst we were on the trip to make them worthwhile. We asked this question to see not just what activities students would like to move in but too where they would like to overturn inside the same question. This billeticular graph shows the results of where people would like to visit if we were to go on the trip to Paris. The results sh ow that the majority of the people in which we asked would like to go to Chocolate although the other activities in which were asked virtually had a very favorite response as well.The here and now most popular answer is State De France which is in any case a very popular attraction. I animadvert that visiting these areas of Paris would contribute to our aims and objectives in spite of appearance the group well because both of the most popular answers are very good for educational backgrounds and the trip would most definitely be enjoyable. I think that if we were to go to Paris, the values from the question and results graph above would vary cause of the price of the activities on top of transport adaption and so forth Loud appear a lot more than EYE. Here we were looking at how much students would be willing to pay if we were to go on the Paris trip. We asked this question so that we could see how much students would be willing to pay and then look at how we could afford th is price with activities as well. The results show that students would be willing to pay IEEE-IEEE. If we were to choose this trip we would therefore have to keep the price within this price range as not many students would be willing to pay any more.We would alike have to look at including the activities in which were chosen in the above graph and including them in the price which would be difficult so we would have to do a lot of research to see what the best strategy would be to overcome this. This question was asked so that we could see how much each student would be willing to pay for each trip if it were to go to Barcelona. The most popular response was IEEE-IEEE. I think that this is a reasonable price to pay for all students and teachers but also it gives us room for dialog within the trip so as it is quite a lot of money.If we were to go than this amount ultimately because the other students which answered this said they would pay any more than IEEE. This question was a sked so that we could see what activities students would like to participate in if the trip to New York were to go ahead. The most popular answer was Times strong therefore we would look into visiting Times Square if we were to take the trip to New York. To do this we would have to look at the cost in which students would be willing to pay for each visit within the place we chose to go and see if Times Square would be an option. Linking back t rap No. , students answered that they would be willing to pay IEEE-IEEE. This gives us enough off range to organism and plan a trip to Times Square. This graph I base on the results that students would be willing to pay for each trip in Berlin. The most popular result from the students was IEEE-IEEE. This is a reasonable price to pay although looking at graph No. L it shows that not as many students would like to go to Berlin compared to New York or Barcelona. Also, looking at graph No. 2, it shows that students would be willing to pay a lot more for a trip further a track and also with ore of a reputation.This gives us opportunity to make the trip an experience of a lifetime. The aim of this question on the questionnaire was to get results of what activities students would most likely want to participate in if the trip to Barcelona were to go ahead. The most common result based on this question was Non Camp, scurvy of Barcelona being the second most popular answer. Looking at graph No. L only around 5 students said that they would rather go to Barcelona over the other three choices therefore it would not be our most popular trip request. Also, looking at graph No. He students were asked how much they would be willing to pay to go to Barcelona and the most popular answer was IEEE-IEEE. This could be a rough asking price for the trip but as Non Camp and Port of Barcelona are well-known tourist attractions, we would have to cater for these swell within the asking price which would boost it up. This graph is mainly rela ting to graph No. 7. That graph is asking students what they would be willing pay to towards a trip to Berlin, the most popular answer was IEEE- IEEE. This graph shows that 24 students would like to visit Reichstag Dome and the second most popular option being Alex Springer House.This could involve the trip costing more as both of these places are popular tourist attractions. There is a chance that the trip to Berlin and or one of these trips whilst away could cost a lot more than the students are willing to pay for therefore we would have to negotiate the trip payments and so on BMW Motorbike Factory and the Berlin Stock Exchange are alas very popular answers within the results of this question therefore we could look at the prices for each trip in Berlin and see which would be walking(prenominal) to the price in which students would be willing to pay on this trip.Secondary market research The secondary market research below involves us as a group researching the most important i nformation from different websites about each of the trip options available. The research was gull diffuseed directly from the website therefore all information is correct and efficient. This print screen states the information in which appropriate place etc. This website could be very useful to use as if offers all the information that we need to make sure we meet our aims and objectives e. G. Health and Safety.This website also sorts and chooses the most suitable accommodation for he needs of the students therefore it would be efficient in helping us to choose the important flesh out within the trip. This screen pang is from European Study Tours which is a very efficient smart set when dealing with school trips abroad. The website includes all places in which are too available to visit and also enables us to rule book the trip and accommodation reliably. There is also an option on this website for educational Visits therefore we could plan the trip around education and inclu de day trips etc. Ore efficient for this. The website also offers quotes to be given(p) before the rip as well so that we could try and get the closest price to each trip relating to the questionnaire graphs and therefore how much the students are willing to pay to make sure we meet our aims and objectives. The website offers contact details so that we bottom of the inning contact them if we have any UN-answered questions etc. I think that this website looks efficient in booking our trip as they are a reliable gild and provide the information possible for making the booking as easy as possible.The screen shot on the left also states that the order advertise discounted school trips and special offers therefore we could use this to our payoff through the company and possibly decrease the price. Here is a screen shot of the Barcelona section within the European study tours website. It states what Barcelona offers for the students. It also has other links to Barcelona educational t rips for 6th forms and colleges. On the right of this screen shot the website offers special offers for different options. The website also offers advice on booking trips on the left.I think that the website offers good facilities to book the trips available. This screenings is based on looking at information about Berlin. The website is schools in Europe which is also a well-known and reliable company for booking school trips. I think that this website has a lot in favor compared to the screen shot above. This website offers information on day trips and tours etc. On the right therefore giving the students choices. The website also offers different languages and a lot of information on Berlin itself.I think that this would be a suitable website for us to use to book our trip as it is efficient and has all of the information requisite to make sure that we have the most efficient trip possible. We I think that the most appropriate website (company) for us to use would be United Airl ines. This is because it seems the most efficient out of the ones in which we looked at and also it enables us to look at all of the different options for the trips relating to the questionnaire above. Travel policy I looked in to decision some research based on motivity indemnification to see which one most and also at the cheapest price possible.The results are below. This screen shot shows the research in which we looked in to about travel insurance from www. unionizeing. Co. UK. The screen shot says what the insurance covers, how to book etc. This particular travel insurance company covers all of the information at the bottom of the screen shot (bullet points). I think that this travel insurance company would be appropriate to cover our trip because it is a well known brand therefore it would be reliable, it covers a lot within the price and also the pricing is reasonable for the amount in which the price covers. This screen shot shows information from Targeted insurance comp any.This insurance company shows that it offers school travel insurance which is useful to book in numbers as we would do. The screen shot shows what the travel insurance offers which arent a lot on this site although it looks reliable and covers the main areas of insurance which we would need. Another advantage if we were to use this company would be that we can get a quote online therefore we could chose if this is the right company for us there and then and therefore price up the trip for the students quicker. This screen shot is from Enkindles Travel Insurance. This company also offer school group travel insurance.This covers accidental loss, theft or damage of the group money. The benefits of using this travel insurance company are at the OTTOMH of the screen shot and there are a lot of them which insures us that the company will be reliable for us students going on the trip. You can also get a quote on the first page of the website therefore we can get a quote apace. The comp any looks reliable and efficient in insuring they do the best they can at the cheapest price. Here are four travel insurance companies in which we could use and they all give stripped detail about what they offer/cover.Some of them are better than others for example Protect Your Bubble looks better than LULL Direct as they offer better over for the insurance which is more suited to the students and trips we have the choices to go on. The LULL Direct Company are suited more to the elderly where as the Topped look as though it is more suited to businesses as they speak about trading company insurance. I think that out of these four the most efficient one suited to the needs of our trip and the bases of the trips that we could be going on would be Protect Your Bubble. posture Comparisons When we planned the organization of the trip we had to plan and see how we would get to the airdrome and back etc all together. We researched four different coach impasses to see which was cheapest a nd we got these results. Company Contact number Price (return) marshal 01 525376077 Souls IEEE(settle) Masons 01296661604 IEEE Cedar 0800731 5105 IEEE Here shows that the cheapest coach traveling company from the four options we chose from is IEEE because although Souls is cheaper at IEEE that was only one way whereas masons are return for a cheaper price.Marshall did not get back to us with a quote therefore we could not state a price in the chart above. Finance for the trip In this part of the assignment I will provide the fixed and variable costs involved in he trip. The fixed costs are costs in which cannot be changed and have to be paid or the trip cannot go ahead, for example the flights and accommodation bills. The variable costs are costs in which can be paid/available but if they are not then it is not going to give any risk towards the trip and it can therefore still go ahead.Variable costs are Variable to each person. Fixed and variable costs These are the fixed costs in volved in the trip in which we go on. The coach is a fixed cost as this needs to pay in order for all students to arrive at the same time and to not be lost. The travel company is a very important fixed cost and needs to be paid in full. This enables the trip to go ahead the travel company costs cover the accommodation for the trip and the flights. The visas are also very important fixed costs as they cover our insurance for the trip.Above are the variable costs within the trip. A variable cost is a cost in which can change from person to person. expenditure money is a variable cost because it differs, there is no set cost in which needs to be bought along on the trip, this is up to the individual. Meals are also a variable cost because students are asked to bring their win money for meals therefore they will need the money, yet if they chose not to bring it then they wont be eating on the trip. Souvenirs are also not a necessity it is out of sublimate choice that students chose to buy souvenirs for others.Fundraising As the cost of the trip in which we go on, including coaches, travel insurance etc. Would cost a lot more than anticipated, there could be a chance in which we would have to ask the students to do some fund raising activities to put some money towards the trip as it could turn out a big sum of money, more than they stated they ere willing to pay on the questionnaire analysis. The fund raising activities could include outside and inside of school activities involving sports events, year group events, car boots etc.The money in which we raise will go towards the trip but could accommodation. The fund rising may not need to be done but if it does we feel that it is the best way to make the money quickly and also is an achievement. The finance of the trip will be paid in installments, the trip will be held in February when the decisions are finally made as to where we will be going. This will mean that the mount of money in which is needed to pay the fixed costs and the variable costs (if intended) can be paid over the 8 months in which we have until the trip.The cost will be divided in to 8 costs (or as many months as there are until the trip) plus a OHIO stay put to ensure that we have a place on the trip. Finalized trip plan Looking through all of the above research we have decided as a group that we are going to choose to go to New York on the trip. We chose this trip above all of the others because we feel that it will benefit the students more also that it is a very exciting once in a life time trip away which students would pay good money to go on. The other main reason in which we chose this trip was because this was the most popular chosen option on the questionnaire analysis chart.The research that we did for New York states those students would be willing to pay around E801E900. This is a reasonable amount to pay for the trip and we think that we could plan and organism a trip around this value of money. The rese arch also states that students would like to visit Times Square, dirt Zero, Statue of Liberty and the Empire State Building. We have therefore booked these places to visit in New York. We have booked to go to New York using European Study Tours Travel Company as this looked the most efficient and reliable throughout the secondary research.Looking at the coach research, we have chosen to travel with Masons to and from the aerodrome as it is cheaper for a return than the other companies offer. Masons are a very reliable coach traveling company therefore we can meet our main aim which is safety for all students. The main details of the trip are below. Where are we going? New York Which travel company are we going with? European Study Tours. This company have planned our accommodation which will be Manhattan Hotel in Times Square (relating back to the visit to Times Square in which students said they would like to visit.They have also coherent for us to fly with United Airlines. Where are we planning to visit whilst in New York? Mustang Harry on 7th Avenue Programmer tour of Financial district stop off at Moorings confide Tavern Federal Reserve Ground Zero Liberty & Ellis island ferry Macys Guided tour past Herald Square Location Empire state building Madame Tussahs workshop We have planned these trips based on the questionnaire results and added some ore trips to visit that would make the trip more of an experience.Below is an Itinerary in which we made to show the exact details of the trip and times for parents 17th-21st February Monday 17th February Arrive at London Heathers airport 7. milliampere Check in at United Airlines desk at terminal 10. Mama Depart London Heathers airport for Newark Liberty airport Flight No AU 28 13. Pm Arrive at Newark Airport Skylines coach transfer to accommodation 3. Pm Arrive at accommodation 7. Pm Evening meal in Local restaurant Tuesday 18th February Breakfast Mustang Harry on 7th Avenue Wednesday nineteenth Febr uaryBreakfast- Mustang Harry Visit Macys Guided tour Afternoon visit Empire state building and redundant time before the evening Thursday 20th February Breakfast Mustang Harry Visit Madame Tussahs workshop Students given a 45 minute presentation by key members of staff Check out of cortege 2. Pm meet coach at accommodation for airport transfer 4. Pm Check in at United Airlines desk at Newark Liberty airport 7. Pm Depart Newark Airport for London Heathers on Flight No CIA 29 Friday 21st February 7. Mama Arrive at London Heathers Airport Coach from Airport to Cedars Make your own way home from School