The Great Patriotic War, Cold War, WWII Alliances Essay Example for Free

The Great Patriotic contend, Cold warfare, WWII Alliances EssayThe Great Patriotic WarThe great Patriotic War is a marge put ond in Russia or previous jumps of the Soviet Union when referring to a part of the arcminute World War. It had originally been used first chthonic the French invasion conduct by Napoleon and when referring to the First World War, before it again was used. The name represented fighting for your homeland. The Great Patriotic War (GPW) were during the German Occupation of the USSR, which lasted from 22nd of June1941, until 9th of May 1945. The Soviet term only refers to the war between USSR and Nazi Germany and its European allies on the east front end were Germany had approximately 200 divisions. It does not refer to the war on the Western fronts, the war in Japan, The Soviets attacks on Finland and Poland, The 1940 invasion of the Baltic states or the 1941 invasion of Iran.The demarcation of Russia or Operation Barbarossa is the biggest military operation ever completed, both in manpower and in casualties. It had been one of the main goals for Hitler since the start of the Nazi Party in the beginning of the 1920s. In 1932 Hitler and Stalin signed a nonaggression pact, but Hitler only saw this as a good tactical maneuver. During the Germans time in Soviet they valued to put a stop to communism and at the same time get rid of everyone that were a threat toward German power in eastern Europe. Soviet refused to collapse, even though the Nazis had expected a rapid fall. Germany kept trying to push over Soviet so it would collapse, but Soviet knew how to use the surrounding to their advantage.Breakdown of wartime allianceBy the end of the Second World War, there were three main victors, Britain, The United States and the Soviet Union. At the start of the Second World War, this, Big Three, had one united goal to bring down Germany, as it was threatening both the Capitalist West and Communist East. However, even though all three leaders Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin were allies in their goal, it does not mean that their relationship was a happy one, but they had to work together to defeat the Nazi Germany regime. subsequently Germany was defeated, The Big Three met up on several occasions to deal with the aftermath of the war. At this time, their true motives came to be shown. Even during the war, there was already underlying tensions between the East and West countries, but they were forced to cooperate. As soon as their mutual enemy was defeated, tensions rose.The East and West had two entirely different ideologies, which would present itself as a issue. The West supported capitalist economy, based on free elections and the freedom of speech. In contrast, the East supported Communism. This comprised of a dictatorship, led by Joseph Stalin, lack of freedom of speech and essentially the government controlling peoples lives. There were mistrusts which ranged back to the 1918, that contribute to the brea kdown of the Alliance. The West had felt that their values, freedom and Capitalism were being threatened by Russia. Stalin believed that is Communism was to be successful, and then a domain of a functionwide revolution would have to take place, meaning the collapse of Capitalism.Cold WarAfter World War II, Joseph Stalin saw the world as divided into two camps imperialist and capitalist regimes on the one hand, and the Communist and progressive world on the other. In 1947, President Harry Truman also spoke of two diametrically opposed systems one free, and the other bent on subjugating other nations. After Stalins death, Nikita Khrushchev stated in 1956 that imperialism and capitalism could coexist without war because the Communist system had become stronger. In October 62 the Cold War came the closest to being a hot war. USSR put up land based missiles in Cuba, because the US had many times tried to stop the communistic revolution there. They were close ample to hit the US and are known as the Cuban missile crisis or the October crisis. This were their first treat of mutual destruction.Also the coup de etat in Czechoslovakia in 68 and the Soviet satellite states were a treat towards the US. The Cold War were all the time driven by the Arms Race between the two super powers. They fighted over who could make powerful weapon and have the biggest military the fastest. The US took the first lead when they developed the atom bomb. After keeping on it for over a decade the two states agreed upon a settlement stating how big military forces they each were maximum allowed to have.Also Chine were added into this agreement as they also became Communistic after the Second World War. There were two hot wars during the Cold War. The war in Korea and the war in Vietnam. They both had a few similarities both a country were the state had been split in two. The Northern parts were communistic and the south were non-communistic. In both wars the north part of the state tried t o invade the south to make them communistic with the help from Soviet and China. The US helped both south part of the states defend themselves, in Korea the confession were sucsessful and they are today two seperate states, wile as in Vietnam its still today one communistic nation.

Recrystallising acetanilide

Recrystallising acetanilideThe aim of this experiment is to establish the most suitable solvent required for recrystallising acetanilide, and to exhibit the methods of vacuum filtration and recrystallisation.Experimental manner (for selection of a suitable solvent)Four solvents dichloromethane, methylated sprits, petroleum ether and body of water were tested to see how appropriate they were for recrystallising acetanilide.Impure acetanilide (0.1g) was inserted into a grim test provide and whilst continually shaking the test the solvent was added drop by drop.After 1cm3 of the solvent was added? the mixture was then heated till it was simmering using the water for the organic solvents bath in the fume cupboard once approximately 1mL of solvent had been added.As the acetanilide was dissolved the test tube was cooled to see whether recrystallisation occurred.The same method was repeated out for all four solvents.Experimental Method (for recrystallisation of acetanilide)Impure Acetan ilide (4g) was weighed out using a close together(p) balance into a conical flask (250mL).A suitable amount of the solvent from the previous method water (1mL) was apply to wet the crystals.The mixture was then stewed gently, and more solvent was added until all the sold had dissolved.Using the filter paper obtained from the pre-heated funnel the boiling solution was filtered. This was done into a pre-heated container so that rapid modify as avoided.The flask containing the hot solvent was covered and al menialed to cool slowly. When a noticeable amount of solid had make and the solution had cooled considerably, the solution was placed in an ice-bath to speed up the process.The filter paper was wet with the solvent then using vacuum filtration the crystals were separated from the rest of the solution.Using cold solvent (5mL approximately) the crystals were washed.The crystals were unbroken on the Bchner funnel until they were almost dry. The damp material was transferred to a labelled watch glass and then this was positioned into a vacuum oven of a readiness temperature lower than the melting of the pure solid.The dry purified product was weighed and packaged into a labelled plastic bag.Why I chose water for the larger scale recrystallisationThis is because when cooling, water out of the four solvents dissolved completely and the most crystals were formed. Also water is the most suitable solvent because it has the best diametricality.The covalent bonding between an group O atom and two atoms of hydrogen form a water molecule. Atoms sh be electrons between these covalent bonds. The sharing of these electrons is not equal in water as the hydrogen atoms reach a weaker attraction to the electrons than the oxygen atoms. Hence the distribution of charge in water is asymmetrical. Molecules are known as polar when they remove ends with positive and partially negatively charged charges. The reason for why water is able to dissolve a number is substances, i s due to this polarity that enables water to separate polar solute molecules.Waters polarity makes gives it the property of being a good solvent.Water molecules surround polar or ionic compounds that enter water. One molecule of solute groundwork be surrounded by many water molecules as the size of water is relatively small. The positive dipoles are attracted to negatively charged components of the solute and vice versa for the negative dipoles.The hydrogen bonds in water are always being formed and broken hence liquid water has a partially ordered structure.The gamey cohesiveness of water is due to the strong hydrogen bonds and this overly results in high surface tension. This is why water remains together as drops when on a non-soluble plane.Additional reasons for why water was the most suitable solventi. It was cheap to use water as the solventii. When the water was boiled at a temperature below the acetanilide melting point.iii. At room temperature the acetanilide appeared to comport low solubility when it was in water.iv. The water was also not venomous or flammable.v. When the acetanilide was heated to boiling in water it seemed to have high solubility.The main points in the procedure where the take is lostThere are a number of ways in which the savor can be lost throughout the experimentOne of the reasons is whilst carrying out the practical nigh of our sample was spilt accidently by one of our neighbouring colleagues so our yield was less that what would have been expected. The sample may have been lost during the transfer stages i.e. when the sample was transferred to the conical flask some of the sample may have remained in the weighing boat as it is unlikely you can get a 100% transfer. Further sample could have been lost when it was transferred from the conical flask to the Bchner funnel when washing the conical flask using distilled water. Furthermore, sample could have been lost by the transfer of sample from the Bchner funnel to the watc h glass. Also when the crystals were transported into the glass plate as part of the sample may have got trapped to the pot and remained in the vacuum. When we used the filter paper to filter the acetanilide crystals some of the residue maybe have remained on the filter paper resulting in less sample. Why low boiling point solvent such as diethyl ether (BP 35C) or dichloromethane (BP 40C) are general les suitable for recrystallisation than higher(prenominal) boiling point solvents, such as water or ethanol, irrespective of their polarityOne of the technicians had said in the practical that Dichloromethane has an occupation explosive square up (OEL)... Both diethyl ether and dichloromethane are the best solvents to consider as they are both flammable which is a safety hazard. Dichloromethane (DCM) is not as suitable because it evaporates more readily at room temperature (due to its low boiling point) which does not allow time for the crystals to dissolve. Also the impure compound wo uld not have enough time to dissolve as well as the DCM would evaporate before hand. Why the solubility of paracetamol in water is several times higher than that of acetanilide by looking at the structuresBecause the paracetamol contains an OH group hence it makes it more polar than acetanilide so it dissolves more readily in water which is also polar.ConclusionIn conclusion, water was found to be the most suitable solvent to dissolve acetanilide out of the four solvents in investigation. The yield of crystals formed is greater with a larger scale of production.

The History of Electromagnetic Suspension System

The History of Electro attractivenessic breaking organisationAs the knees ar the important disassociate of the human personify because of which he can walk, run, sit and jump properly, the suspension system musical arrangement is a knee of a fomite, with which the vehicle can give us a pouffeable ride.The automobile frame and body are mounted on the front and rear axle non directly but through and through round form of recoils and ravish absorbers. This is d angiotensin converting enzyme to damp to road shocks transmitted to the frame by the wheels as they roll over the road. All these parts which perform this go are together called as a suspension transcription. Thus the suspension system includes springs, shock absorber and there mountings. The suspension system of a beat back vehicle divided into the rear end suspension front end suspension.1.1 Need of suspension systemTo avoid the road shocks which are pass on to the vehicle frame.To preserve the steadiness of a r ailway car in pitching or rolling, when in apparent motion.To safeguard the occupant from road shocks.To provide good road holding while driving, cornering and braking.To maintain proper steering geometry.1.2 Types of suspension systemsThe following are the suspension systems which rare used in the modern vehicles,Dry friction or Leaf springCoil springAir bagRubber springElectro attractive forceic suspension system1.3 History of suspension systemRolls Royce (1913) illustrates that how the diverse situations was in the early years where rear dampers s covering fireped to use.Dry snubbers were used in betwixt 1910-1925.However, the period 1925-1980 was very extensive by artless hydraulics, in the first place simply constant force blow off, then proportional characteristics, then adjustable, leading to mature product.In the period of 1980 to 1985, there was an enthusiasm about the possibilities for the various types of active suspension, and they had the ability to get rid of th e ordinary dampers.Then after many period in 1985, the fast auto-adjusting dampers, turn out to be practically and more obvious, because they found a good deal profit of active suspension much more cheaply, and from that period the damper unexpectedly became an interesting, developing instalment over again (Dixon John, 2010).In 1966 for high-speed transportation Danby and Po puff up introduced an EDS system using super conducting magnets with a null flux suspension. After some period some more designings proposed using continues sheet guide ways. Then some from U.S., japan, Germany, UK and Canada have developed further innovations ( such as ladder type guide way for change magnitude lift efficiency), but there are still a number of technical problems that needed resolution. (T. Thompson, Richard D. Thornton and Anthony Kondoleon, 2010)1.4 Current Details Of Electromagnetic Suspension ( maglev)There are three primary types of Maglev technologiessuperconducting magnets ( elect rodynamic suspension)feedback controlled electromagnets ( electromagnetic suspension)A new but very cheaper aeonian magnet system Induc encompass.The several approaches and designs have been produced by Japan and Germany. These cardinal countries are very active in maglev research. The design used for trains in which the train get up by the repulsive force of the similar poles of the magnets. A li approximately motor is used to propel the train or on the locomotive or twain. In this system massive electrical demonstration coils produce the magnetic national and the need of this magnetic field which is placed on the track is to propel the train, leading some to speculate that the romaine lettucet of constructing such tracks would be enormous. ( Heller Arnie 2010).Earnshaws theorem commonwealths that a collection of point charges cannot be maintained in a stable stationary equilibrium configuration solely by the motionless interaction of the charges.As Earnshaws theorem sa ys Magnetic comportments are unstable the established maglev systems stabilized with the help of the electromagnets which have electronic stabilization.In actual to levitate the train that is to keep the train up in the air with the help of an magnetic field it needs very strong magnetic field which but can generate by a biggish electromagnet but large electromagnet is also a big issue for the design, so instead of using the large magnets, superconductor for an capable electromagnet.Inductrack is a cheap in cost compare to other systems. The system relies on the current induced in the passive electromagnetic range generated by permanent magnets, so that it provides the give out rouse carrying capacity related to the speed. In the model, the permanent magnets are placed on both sides of the model the manoeuver of these magnets is to provide horizontal lift and vertical stableness. There is collection of wire loops in the track which is also called as array. There is no power fulness lend in magnets and the model, apart from the speed of the model. The basic concept behind this system is to reposition the power by developing the inductrack as a motor and flywheel bearing. With only slight design changes, the bearings were unrolled into a linear track. William Post is the father of such a great innovation like inductrack. He had done this experiment at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. (Heller Arnie 2010).Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Principle of Suspension SystemThe suspension system of an automobile has input force and output as shown in above fig.Fig 2.1 (Dr. Erping Zhou, 2010)where, M1 is the body mass of the vehicleM2 is the mass of the suspension systemK1 is the spring constant for suspension systemK is the constant for the tyre (spring).C is the damper constantY is the input force form the road to the suspension system.Y1 is the input force from suspension system to the body of vehicle.X is the output displacement.So the mathematical di agram of the vehicle is given asM2K1(Y1- X)+ C. d(Y1- X)/ dtK2(Y-Y1)Therefore now we can have,K1(Y1- X)+ C. d(Y1- X)/ dt = M1 d2x/dt2(1)AndK1(Y1- X)+ C. d(Y1- X)/ dt K2(Y-Y1) = M2 d2Y1/dt2(2)By lapalce theorem, consider d/ dt = SK1(Y1- X)+ C. S(Y1- X) = M1 S2X..(3)K1(Y1- X)+ C. S(Y1- X) K2(Y-Y1) = M2 S2Y1(4)So by solving equation (3) we get the input,K1Y1 K1X + CSY1 CSX = M1S2XX/Y1 = K1 + CS/ (M1S2 + CS + K1)Y1 (INPUT) = X (M1S2 + CS + K1) / K1 + CS (Dr. Erping Zhou, 2010)2.2 Basic ConceptTake a rounded hollow shock absorber frame placing two magnets interior it. In this cylinder the arrangement of the magnets is in such a way, place one magnet at the top of the cylinder with any foretoken let us consider south polarity on down side. Then place another magnet at the bottom of the cylinder having south polarity upside so that they can be parallel from each one other. Then due to the very(prenominal) polarity of both the magnets the repulsive force generates which gives the drive to the shaft to avoid any unwanted shocks and the fixed hydraulic damper absorbs the vibrations and instability.2.3 Theory of VibrationAny motion that repeats itself after an interval of time is called vibration or oscillation. The best examples for vibration are pendulum and a plucked string. The theory of vibration explains the study of oscillatory motions. justify vibration without dampingTo begin with the study of the mass-spring-damper, lets consider the damping is insignificant and the mass is free from any type of force that is called free vibration.Where, k is the constant of stiffnessx is the length of stretched springm is the mass of bodySo the force is given by,Fs = kxBy Newtons indorse law of motion the generated force is proportional to the acceleration of the massE F = ma = m.d2x / dt2Then the sum of the forces on the mass is equals to zeroma + kx = 0If the system starts to vibrate by reach the spring by the distance of A, we get the following equation.x(t) = A cos(2 fnt)The above explanation state that the system oscillates with the simple harmonic motion with an amplitude A , frequency fn. The number fn is called as the undamped frequency which is delineate asfn =To simplify the equation the angular frequency ( = 2f) which has a unit radians per second.If the mass is surd and inflexibility of the system is known, then the frequency concludes when the force is applied to the system, it will vibrate. When the system once disturbed it vibrates because it has one or more frequencies. The above prescript shows the complexity in the true complex designs. (Tustin Wayne 2010)The causes of vibration in the system (conservation of energy)Conservation of energy explains the vibrational motion. In the above example the value of the spring is x and therefore it has stored some potential energy (kx2). Once the spring became free it tries to gain its original shape which has minimum potential energy and in the process accelerates the mass. As the spring reached at its original state that is in unstreched position all the potential energy then converted in to the energising energy (mv2). The system then starts to deaccelerate because of the compression of the spring and in this process it transfers energising energy into original potential energy. Thus oscillation of the spring transfers the kinetic energy into potential energy.In the above given simple system the mass remains oscillate at the same magnitude, but this doesnt happened in the real system because of the damper which disperse the energy and therefore the system last bringing it to rest. (Tustin Wayne 2010)Free vibration with dampingNow in this system a pasty damper is added to the system which generates an opposive force against the motion of the body which is relative to the velocity of the mass. Where c is the proportionality constant and has units of Force over velocity (N s/m).xmkcFig 2.3 (Tustin Wayne 2010)Fd = cv = -c. dx/dtBy summing the forces on the mass we get the following ordinary differential equationma + cv + kx = 0The result of the above equation relies on the amount of damping. For the subtile damping effect the system vibrates but after some time it slows down and finally stops vibrating. This case is called underdamping this case is of close to interest in vibration analysis. If the damping effect increases until the last point of the oscillation of the system, the system then goes in to the diminutive damping.Cc = 2Is the final critical damping point calue for the mass spring damper model.A damping ration is used to differentiate the amount of damping in a system. The differentiation of the damping is defined as to get a critical point the actual damping divided by the amount of damping. The damping ratio () given as = c /The values of damping factors for airplane fuselage, engine crankshaft are less than 0.05 and for an automotive suspensions the range of 0.2-0.3. The key for the underdamped system for th e mass spring damper model is x(t) = Xe-t cos ( = 2fThe value of X, the initial magnitude, and , the soma shift, are determined by the amount the spring is stretched. (Tustin Wayne 2010)Analyzation of Damped and undamped internal frequenciesThe exponential term and the cosine bunk are the two main points which are noted from the solution. The meaning of exponential term is how quickly the system damps down. The damping effect is low when the damping ration is more. The cosine use of goods and services explains the oscillations in the system, but the frequency of the oscillations is different from the undamped case.For this case the frequency is called damped natural frequency, fd, and there is a relation amid the damped frequency and undamped frequency as followsFd = fnGenerally, the undamped natural frequency is more than the damped natural frequency, but in realistic the difference between the damped and undamped frequencies is irrelevant because of the damping ratio which is moderately small. Therefore at the starting phase of natural frequency the damped and undamped description are frequently dropped.for example- when the damping ratio is 0.1, the damped natural frequency is only 1% less than the undamped.The two damping ratios 0.1 and 0.3 for the design of side shows how they imprint the system and also they show how the system takes time to be stable. Also they show, most frequently what happened practically, is to calculate the free vibrations by doing some experiments after an impress on the system and then the system oscillates so by measuring the rate of oscillations conclude the natural frequency of the system as well as the ratio of damping with the help of rate of decay.Natural frequency and the damping ratio are the important factors in free vibrations but to understand and differentiate the behaviour of the system in different vibrations generated by force is also important. (Tustin Wayne 2010)2.4 Principle of EMSSThe basic principle is to build up a contact less spring the electromagnetic actuators can absorb the instability. The basics in electromagnetic suspension are the opposite polarity of the magnets facing each other absorbs all the bumps. The major barrier is making the magnets physically powerful when running off a cars electrical system.2.5 Halbach ArraysHalbach cylinders are well-suited to magnetic levitation of gyroscope, motor and generator spindles. In these cylinders only permanent magnets and unpowered conductors are used to provide levitation. Rotational motion provides the energy of suspension entirely, efficiency is good, and there is no need of extremely low temperature suspension magnets or electronics. But there is a limit for the linear speed at the bearing race which must be above a meter per second to levitate.The inductrack maglev train system uses this principle as well, which avoids the problems inherent in actively supported systems.Halbach CylinderK = 1K = 2K = 3K = 4A magnetized cylinder which is make up of a ferromagnetic fabric producing a magnetic field restricted completely wrong the cylinder and doesnt produce any fields outside is called Halbach Cylinder. The Halbach Cylinders can also generate the magnetic field completely outside of the cylinder and then again it doesnt produce any fields inside the cylinder. Some magnetization distributions are shown belowFig 2.4 magnetization distributions( K. Halbach, J.C. Mallinson, Raich, H., Blmler 2010)The direction of magnetization within the ferromagnetic material is given byM = Mr sin (k) cos (k) Where,Mr is the magnetic remanance (T/m).+k is an internal magnetic field and -k is an external magnetic field.Preferably, the structures of these types of cylinders would be formed by an un express length cylinder of magnetic material which has the direction of magnetization constantly changing. These types of ideal designed cylinder produce the magnetic flux which is absolutely uniform and entirely confined to the bore of the cylinder. But in real case the infinite length of the cylinders cannot be used and in practice the limited length of the cylinders creates end effects which show the non-uniformities in the field within the bore. The complexity of developed a cylinder with a constantly changing magnetization also frequently directs to the design being broken into sections. ( K. Halbach, J.C. Mallinson, Raich, H., Blmler 2010)2.6 Magnetic MaterialMagnets have the basic property of attraction towards, or repulsion by other materials. A material with high permeability attracted strongly towards a magnet. There are two main examples of materials with very high permeability those are exhort and sword which powerfully attracted to magnets. Liquefied O2 is in fact some repelled by magnetic fields because it has very low permeability. People, gases and the vacuum of outer space has quantitative permeability.The SI unit of magnetic field strength is the tesla,SI unit of total magnetic flux is the Weber.1 Weber = 1 teslafollowing through 1 square meter, and is a very large amount of magnetic flux.Neodymium magnetA neodymium magnet or NIB magnet which is also called as a rare earth magnet which is a good strength of attraction and repulsion, made of a combination of neodymium, iron and vitamin B -Nd2Fe14B.Neodymium magnet on a bracket from a hard drive(PengCheng magnets Ltd., 2010)NIB magnets are comparatively very strong to their mass, they are automatically brittle and the most powerful results to lose their magnetism at temperatures above 176 tiers fahrenheit or 80 degrees Celsius. In some cases they there strength is slightly more than samarium-cobalt like high-temperature grades will operate at up to 200 and even 230 C. The neodymium magnet industry is constantly working to push the supreme energy product (strength) closer to the theoretical maximum of 64MGOe.A neodymium magnet has a capability to lift 1300 times more than its own mass.The small magnet hav e some remarkable properties it exhibits magnetic braking when moved near a non-magnetic metal due to induced eddy currents.(http//www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Neodymium-magnet, 2010)2.7 SummeryThe system mainly based on the repulsion of the two similar polarities of the two different magnets. The two damped and undamped systems gives the different vibration frequencies. The analyzation shows a major difference between damped and undamped system.The Halbach array stabilize the repulsive effect is to use field that move in space rather than just time. This effect can demonstrate with a rotating conductive disc and a permanent magnet, which will repel each other.A neodymium magnet or NIB is a powerfull magnet made up of a combination of neodymium, iron and boron- Nd2Fe14B is used in EMSS.Chapter 3MAGLEV DESIGN3.1 Electromagnetic Suspension System (Concept)The design of the electromagnetic suspension system can be done with two types 1) By using a Hydraulic dampish or2) By using Linear get as a Damper.The concept is to design the magnetic suspension system on the front shock absorber of the motor bike to have a better performance with ease of handling and comfort ride. There are two cylinders installed on two separate arms of the front shock absorbing rods. The cylinder contains the pair of the cylindrical magnets having same pole facing each other to create the required repulsive force to have required levitation effect. The two cylindrical magnets having S (South Pole) on the outer surface concentric with the inner circle having N (North Pole) as shown in following figure-1) Working for the Hydraulic DamperThe two magnets are in a cylinder on a shaft, as seen in above figure comprise our required magnet for a motor bike front suspension system. In the fig. it shows the magnets are placed such as they are facing each other but with the same polarity, hence they repel each other according to the properties of magnets generate an air gap between them. The repulsive force restores displacement towards each other, and displacement off is restored by solemnity. A hydraulic damper is fixed on the top of the cylinder and connected with the upper magnet with a shaft. The set of shocks used with magnets inside them that are used as the fork setup. In this cylinder the arrangement of the magnets is in such a way, place one magnet at the top of the cylinder with any polarity let us consider south polarity on down side. Then place another magnet at the bottom of the cylinder having south polarity upside so that they can be parallel each other. Then due to the same polarity of both the magnets the repulsive force generates which gives the movement to the shaft to avoid any unwanted shocks and the fixed hydraulic damper absorbs the vibrations and instability.The shaft controlled the radial instability, the repelling force and the gravity force. The spring has a property to contract and extend but it cannot be stable, so the shaft is use to st abilize the spring. If the magnets are placed in two orthogonal axes, they repel each other but not in any one direction, so they are also instable. A thrust bearing can use to avoid the instability in which the magnets can be placed, and even if the instability take place the movable magnet will not fly has the advantage in that if instability does occur, the unstable magnet will not fly unpredictably away from the fixed magnet. The vibrations and the instability will be absorbed by the hydraulic damper.It is stated for completeness that the magnet has two poles North South. They will be attract each other if they are facing each other with different polarity, but they will repel each other if they are facing each other with same polarity.That these forces occur is very well known, but the mechanisms that create these forces are beyond the scope of this document. There are several materials of which permanent magnets may be made.2) Working of Linear Motor as a DamperA linear elect romagnetic motor works in the straight line instead of work in rotary motion. The movement effect of this motor is very quick. L.E.M. can be used at each wheel in a vehicle which has a conventional shock and spring setup. The L.E.M. can extend as it faces any distraction like pothole and retract as it faces any bump just in milliseconds which is much greater speed than a hydraulic damper. These type of quicker retract and extract movement provides the steering stability by controlling the wheels with respect to the body of the vehicle.The L.E.M. made up of magnets and coils of wires. When current is passed through the coils, the motor retracts and extends so fastly, control unwanted movements. The speed is the major key benefit of the electromagnet. (Bose Elecromagnetic Suspension System, 2010)Fig 3.2 (Bose Elecromagnetic Suspension System, 2010)The L.E.M. is designed in such a way so that it can give the quick respond to absorb the effects of bumps and pothols and also provides a r elaxed ride. Moreover, the motor is designed such as it can supply the maximum power in a small package, which allows it to supply sufficient force to avoid the car from rolling and pitching during bad driving.At the time of acceleration, braking and cornering the L.E.M. neutralize the body motion of a car, which gives the driver a kind of driving idea and passengers comfort ride. For the smooth ride purpose, the wheel dampers are place in each wheel hub to smooth out small road imperfectionst. To generate more power an amplifier is provided which supplies the a great power to the L.E.M.s. The amplifier is a regenerative design that uses the compression force to send power back through the amplifier. (Bose Elecromagnetic Suspension System, 2010)3.2 Goals of the magnetic designThe design of the magnetic spring has the following requirements1. Freedom instability by one degreeIn freedom instability by on degree chiefly the stability performance which is forecast by the non linear stu dy is according to the formly build up linearized study. The study of freedom instability by on degree shows the relation between magnitude and velocity. As the velocity increases the magnitude increases which is increased by the stable limit cycle amplitude of vibration.Actuators are essential for stability control of every unbalanced axis. Hence the amount of unstable degrees of freedom needs to reduce. In addition to it for well organized passive vertical load bearing the direction of the unstable direction must be horizontal.2. Ability to support large loadsPermanent magnets must be maintained on the entire weight of table plus equipment. This weight which is hold up by the electromagnets utilizes considerable amount of power which is unwanted for cost and heat reasons.3. hard-hitting electromagnet actuator placingThe forces which are applied asymmetrically by the actuators who apply a moment on the levitating table which would be unwanted. For rejecting vertical disturbances t he electromagnet actuators must be used for the stabilise of unstable axis.(S. J. Price and N. R. Valerio)Chapter 4TECHNOLOGYThere are three primary types of MAGLEV TechnologiesOne that relies on feedback controlled electromagnets (Electromagnetic Suspension or EMS). Ex. TransrapidThe another one relies on the superconducting magnets (Electrodynamic Suspension or EDS) Ex. JR-MaglevAnd the last one and newer , potentially more economical system that uses premagnets i.e. Inductrack4.1 InductrackA newer, perhaps less expensive system is called Inductrack. The proficiency used in inductrack has a load carrying capacity which is related to the speed of the vehicle, because the permanent magnets induce current in the passive electromagnetic array In the model, the permanent magnets are placed on both sides of the model the function of these magnets is to provide horizontal lift and vertical stability. There is collection of wire loops in the track which is also called as array. There is no power supply in magnets and the model, apart from the speed of the model. The basic concept behind this system is to store the power by developing the inductrack as a motor and flywheel bearing. With only slight design changes, the bearings were unrolled into a linear track. William Post is the father of such a great innovation like inductrack. He had done this experiment at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Inductrack uses Halbach arrays for stabilization. Halbach arrays are the system in which there are some arrangements of permanent magnets which stabilize moving loops of wires without electronic stabilization. Halbach arrays were initially developed for beam guidance of particle accelerators. They also have a magnetic field on the track side only, thus reducing any potential effects on the passengers.4.2 Lift and PropulsionIn the whole world Japan and Germany are the most active in Maglev research they have produced several difference approaches and designs. The techniq ue used such as the train can be levitated by the repulsive of like poles or the attractive force of opposite poles of magnets. A linear motor propelled the train which is on the track or on the train, or both. In order togenerate the magnetic field which is necessary to propel the train there are massive electrical induction coils are placed along the track.(C.A. Guderjahn S.L. Wipf,2010)4.3 StabilityEarnshaws theorem states that a collection of point charges cannot be maintained in a stable stationary equilibrium configuration solely by the electrostatic interaction of the charges.In the system the static magnetic bearing which uses only electromagnets and premagnets are unstable because of Earnshaws theorem but the diamagnetic and superconducting magnets can support a Maglev steadily. Some conventional Maglev systems the electromagnets having electronic stability are used for stabilization. This works by constantly measuring the bearing distance and adjusting the electromagnets accordingly.4.4 Magnet clogThe weight of large electromagnet is a major design issue. A very strong magnetic field is required to levitate the massive train, so conventional Maglev research is using superconductor research for an efficient electromagnet.Chapter 5ANALYSIS5.1 Dynamics of the magnetic suspension systemThe basic principle of a simple electromagnetic suspension system is shown in Fig.1. the current I which is passes through the electromagnet generates the magnetic force Fm which acts opposite to the gravity and cause a steel ball to levitated position. The force relies on the current I, electromagnet properties and the air gap between the steel ball and the electromagnet.The motion of the steel ball in the magnetic field is expressed asG Fm = m d2X / dt2..(1)Where,m = the mass of the suspended steel ball,G = mg, the gravity force,X = the air gap between the steel ball and the electromagnet.The magnetic force Fm is a nonlinear function of the current I and the air gap X . The linearization of the static characteristic near the set point (F0 , X0 ,I0) is given asF = F0 + I0 (X X0) + X0 (I I0).(2)The voltage equation of the electromagnetic coil is expressed asU = RI + L dI / dt.(3)Where,U = the voltage,R = the coil resistance, andL = the inductance.Inductance L=f (X, t) is a function of the air gap, the coil, the core, and the steel ball. The magnetic force which is generated by the electromagnet maintained the steady state air gap between the ball and the electromagnet is manipulated to balance the gravitational force of the ball. The small differences from the operating point are normalized over operating spaces (G, D, Imax , Umax) and they are defined as followsf = , x= , i = , u = (4)Where,f i= the normalized resultant force,x = the normalized air gap,i = the ormalized current, andu = the normalized voltage.X , I , and U = the steady-state values.Substituting Eq. 4 into Eqs. 1, 2, and 3 the dynamics of the systemcan be presented as followsf = - m d2x / dt2 = -m d2x / dt2 = d2x / dt2..(5)f = I0 x + X0 i , (6)u = i + (7) permit the set gains and time constants beKe = X0 , Km = I0 , Te = , Tm = .(8)Therefore Eqs. 5, 6, and 7 can be rewritten asf = T2m d2x / dt2 ..(9)f = Kmx + Kei (10)u = i + Te .. (11)(M. Golob Boris Tovornik, 2010)The block diagram of the linearized model of the electromagnetic suspension system is shown in Fig. 5.2. The linear system described in the block diagram in Fig. 5.2 is unstable and controllable.As per the theory of vibration, there are two types of analysis,1) The analysis of the Instability and the Vibration without damper and2) The analysis of the Instability and Vibration with damper.These analyses were made in the electronic lab with help of the METLAB Software. For these two setups the two types of simulations were made in METLAB Software. The data used for the analysis is as followsTable 3Nominal System ParametersMass of the steel ball (m)0.147 kgMaximum air gap (D)0.025 mNumber of coil s (n)1200Coil re

Put a Girl in it Essay -- Sociology, Human Companionship

Put a Girl in it pitying henchmanship is one of the most rudimentary needs of humans that can be seen in the Creation story. It is tricky for any human to find the perfect companion, especi entirelyy if one is one of a kind. In Mary Shellys Frankenstein two characters stand for this need Dr. Victor Frankenstein and The instrument. They are in search of the same thing companionship, and they go to great lengths to sample to achieve it from the traditional to scientific discoveries. The classic depicted object of perversion of family is a major component in Frankenstein. Dr. Frankenstein comes from a good family and in his adult flavor he longing for a loving companion is mainly found in the pursuit of the Creature and Elizabeth. The development for the need for the Creature originates when he waterfall in love with knowledge and is furthered when he leaves to study. In his baby birdhood he finds Natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate I desire, therefore , in this narration, to extract those facts which led to my predilection for that science (Shelley 36). This passion develops into his arrested development in his adult life when he gains more accesses to scientific knowledge and new technology. Then it climaxes with start of the entry of the Creature because his accesses to bodies and tools. Victor sees his progression, I evince with ardour those works, so full of genius and discrimination it easily conceived that my progress was rapid (48). His description of the creation makes it seem like he is engendering a child into birth. He distorts the sanctity of childbirth by creating a human in a lab. This also makes him the mother and father of the Creature. He realizes the immense power he holds, When I found so astonishing a power placed within my han... ...led You must bring in a female for me with whom can live in the interchange of those sympathies necessary for being (145). Creature seems to be devout of all humanity ex cept the miserable scrapes of which it was made, but it still appears to have the deep emotional needs of all humans. Having to fight off the world he seems callus. The need for a female is so overpowering, it forsakes everything to just have a companion to love. The Creature is seen as a human. It really shares all the properties that humans have but it is ostracized because of his appearance. The basic need of clemency and a companion is shared by all humans. Victor Frankenstein and his child Creature both long for the same thing, a companion to love. They both contravention with the others pursuit of companionship. If you wanna live the good life you part put a gir-r-rl in it Brooks and Dunn. Put a Girl in it Essay -- Sociology, Human CompanionshipPut a Girl in it Human companionship is one of the most basic needs of humans that can be seen in the Creation story. It is tricky for any human to find the perfect companion, especially if one is one of a kind. In Mary Shellys Frankenstein two characters exemplify this need Dr. Victor Frankenstein and The Creature. They are in search of the same thing companionship, and they go to great lengths to try to achieve it from the traditional to scientific discoveries. The classic theme of perversion of family is a major component in Frankenstein. Dr. Frankenstein comes from a good family and in his adult life he longing for a loving companion is mainly found in the pursuit of the Creature and Elizabeth. The development for the need for the Creature starts when he falls in love with knowledge and is furthered when he leaves to study. In his childhood he finds Natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate I desire, therefore, in this narration, to state those facts which led to my predilection for that science (Shelley 36). This passion develops into his obsession in his adult life when he gains more accesses to scientific knowledge and new technology. Then it climaxes with start of the creation of the Creature because his accesses to bodies and tools. Victor sees his progression, I read with ardour those works, so full of genius and discrimination it easily conceived that my progress was rapid (48). His description of the creation makes it seem like he is mothering a child into birth. He distorts the sanctity of childbirth by creating a human in a lab. This also makes him the mother and father of the Creature. He realizes the immense power he holds, When I found so astonishing a power placed within my han... ...led You must create a female for me with whom can live in the interchange of those sympathies necessary for being (145). Creature seems to be devout of all humanity except the meager scrapes of which it was made, but it still appears to have the deep emotional needs of all humans. Having to fight off the world he seems callus. The need for a female is so overpowering, it forsakes everything to just have a companion to love. The Creature is seen as a human. It really shares all the properties that humans have but it is ostracized because of his appearance. The basic need of compassion and a companion is shared by all humans. Victor Frankenstein and his child Creature both long for the same thing, a companion to love. They both conflict with the others pursuit of companionship. If you wanna live the good life you Better put a gir-r-rl in it Brooks and Dunn.

A,merican Colonies Essay -- essays research papers

The Early American colonies We get under ones skin been one nation for so long that it is hard to imagine a major difference amongst the thirteen airplane pilot colonies. After all a quick glance at a map of these thirteen original colonies will tell you that they all where established along the East Coast and where most generally located on a river or body of water. What is freaky about this is just how different each of these separate areas of settlement turned out to be. After all they where located relatively close to one another(prenominal) and should have had adequate communication available to them by the numerous water channels close at hand. So why was there such a huge difference in the way that they developed? The two most contrasting of these would have to be the Puritans and other religious groups that chose to settle in the natural Eng trim down region, and the colonies founded for profit in the Chesapeake bespeak region. If you look closely at these two concentr ations of people you will see that they have great differences in their religion, government, family, economics and the very geography that they where established in. These differences coupled with a very different reason for journeying to the New World helped to form two very unique cultures that equal to some extent today.One of the major differences surrounded by the colonies of the Chesapeake Bay region and the New England colonies is in their view on religion. The very reason that the Pilgrims journeyed to this new land was to escape religious persecution and set up a haven for people of their faith. In contrast the colonies of the Chesapeake Bay region where established by people who where expression for fame and fortune rather than spiritual enlightenment. This fundamental difference is one of the major reasons that these colonies developed so differently. People in the New England colonies generally knew their neighbors because they worked and prayed with them. In a Ches apeake region so dependent on the cash crop of tobacco, plantations served to separate the people and slow the process of socialization. Although church attendance was required in some(prenominal) the New England colonies and some of the Chesapeake Bay colonies it was enforced for much different reasons. The New England colonists where very concerned with education and spirituality while generally those colonists in the Chesapeake Bay colony whe... ...used natural resources at this time, the difference is that the colonists in the New England colonies took the greatest advantage of this. While there are undoubtedly a number of similarities between the Chesapeake Bay colonies and the New England colonies their original purposes for being here set them on different paths from the moment that they set foot in the New World. It should also be said that not only the peoples disposition has an affect on the direction of the society, you must also take into account the geography of the r egion. The differences between the Chesapeake colonies and the New England colonies are numerous and varied. However if all of the colonies established in the new world had the same culture it is far less likely that our ancestors would have been as successful in their bid to change the way civilization operates. They accomplished this with the American Revolution, which relied heavily on different characteristics from each of the thirteen colonies and has been more(prenominal) than successful in blending the very different values and beliefs of the Chesapeake Bay colonies and the New England colonies.

An Orange Juice Label as a Microcosm of Society Essay -- Exploratory

An Orange Juice Label as a Microcosm of SocietyOne facet of Herbert von Hundsteins theory of universality is that all(a) components of culture, from obvious propaganda campaigns to pen notes exchanged on refrigerator doors, are meaningful and representative of society as a whole. Von Hundstein writes in Kultur ist Alle Alle ist Kultur, The most mundane may also be the most significant, for is our culture any less forgotten in the private conversations of two lovers? Culture does not exist in a vacuum it permeates all like oxygen, and for that reason anything in existence is a product of its culture. (34)Therefore, a parking ticket, office memo, and chromatic juice packaging are all representations of culture. It is the orange tree juice label that concerns us here, and its promotion of ambiguity, assumptions of the audiences supineness, and reliance on other texts. The word minute has multiple meanings, as does maid, and thus minute maid is immeasurably problematic. Are we to assu me that the maid, an unmarried girl or woman, is only a maid for a minute? After those sixty seconds, is her virginity gone? If this is the intended reading, world the primary denotations for both words, then should this company really be selling orange juice and not sex toys? Examining the phrase minute maid from a grammatical viewpoint, we could easily extrapolate that minute here serves as an adjective, modifying maid, and thus means a very small maid. Perhaps virgin dwarfs create orange juice. The company presumes to convey a quickness created through the additional services of an assistant, a maid making a laborious process go by in a minute however, that reading is only one of many possible. During the 2000 preside... ... cause orange juice labels to be less ambiguous, assumptive, and intertextual in the future. Let us not oversimplify and assume that one orange juice label does not matter, that the simple commands shake well before enjoying simply fall on blind ears and dea f ears. As von Hundstein states, this orange juice label contains a microcosm of society within its directives lie the problems and successes of society. The orange juice label thus serves as a litmus test of American culture in general, and we can determine that American culture requires a fairly informed populace use to interpreting assumptions and intertextuality to avoid problematic ambiguity. Works CitedMinute Maid. Orange Juice Label. Packaging on product purchased 27 Apr. 2001.Von Hundstein, Herbert. Kulture ist Alle Alle ist Kulture. Trans. Gary Boyle. Dresden U of Dresden P, 1994.

Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers fc

Mark Twains masterpiece The Adventures of huckleberry Finn through much criticism and denunciation has become a well-respected novel. Through the eye of a thirteen-year-old boy, Huckleberry Finn, Twain illustrates the controversy of racism and slavery during the aftermath of the Civil War. Since Huck is an adolescent, he is vulnerable and greatly influenced by the adults he meets during his coming of age. His field day down the Mississippi steers him into the lives of a diverse group of inhabitants who have conflicting morals. Though he lacks valid morals, Huck demonstrates the potential of humanity as a pensive, sensitive individual rather than conforming to a repressive society. In these modes, the novel places Jim and Huck on pedestals where their views on morality, learning, and society are compared.Huckleberrys first off encounter with physical perplexity comes when he has woken up alone I set up and looked around, a little scared. Then I remembered (Twain 240). Awaking from his accidental nap, he was stunned by the sudden realization that he did not know where he was. After gaining full awareness of his surroundings, he was once again calmed. another(prenominal) illustration of Hucks physical disorientation was when he was found in a solid white fog (269). During his separation from Jim, Huck confessed that he hadnt no more idea which way I was going than a dead man (269). While he was still had not get together with Jim, he suffers from another bout of confusion. First I didnt know where I was I thought I was dreaming (270). This exemplifies how Hucks cordial disquietude melted into the physical realm. Throughout his voyage down the Mississippi, Huck has various arguments with Jim, which force him to question the facts that he has been taught from a white society. These serve as metaphors addressing different beliefs that are disputed amongst the rivaling races. Huck and Jim quarrel about King Sollermun (Twain 266), who threatened to chop a baby in half. Jim debates that Solomon had so many children that he became incapable of valuing human life. Huck then defends what he believes to be de wises man dat ever live (266) by explaining to Jim that he has clean missed the layover (267). Hucks subsequent comments relate Jims conclusion about Solomon and his view of white treatment of blacks as infinitely replaceable bodies. Instead of bickering, Huck went on talking about other kings, and let Solomon slide (267).