The Un and Peacekeeping

CHAPTER FIVE finis INTRODUCTION Since its founding in 1945, the linked Nations has been involved in peacekeeping operation operation operations and affair events in the foreign system.According to Article 1 of the Charter of the joined Nations, the UN is expected to take mightinessful incorporated measures for the legal community and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of antagonism or other breaches of the peace, and to append some by lawful means, and in conformity with the principle of justice and worldwide law, adjustment or settlement of inter depicted object disputes or situations which might transmit to a breach of the peace. The get together Nations has been charged with vast responsibilities for the maintenance of worldwide peace and surety. Two organs were created for this intention the trade protection department Council (which consists of fifteen processs, atomic number 23 permanent members with ban situation and ten non permanent members) and the customary meeting (which consist of representatives from all member deposits). This essay seeks to examine and analyze the place of the fall in Nations in the maintenance of external peace and hostage using the Korean struggle as a case study. THE UN AND PEACEKEEPINGpeacekeeping electric charge is defined by the joined Nations as a unique and slashing instrument developed by the organization as a agency to help countries torn by remainder, create the conditions for lasting peace. The Security Council of united Nations has been given the responsibility to take joint accomplishment to plead inter national peace and security. The get together for tranquillity resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1954 imposes the responsibility of maintenance of international peace and security on the General Assembly under certain conditions.The United Nations, by and by the approval by the Security Council sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the United Nations does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the United Nations. The founders of the United Nations envisaged that the organization would help to prohibit conflicts between states and in the process, prevent blast of another major war in the future.The United Nations would surrender been able-bodied to achieve this successfully if not for the outbreak of the gelid state of war. The outbreak of the Cold War made it extremely difficult for the United Nations to successfully resolve issues and conflicts because of the division of the world into hostile camps. The United States and Western atomic number 63 on peerless side and the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and constituent of Asia on the other side. This caused a stalemate in closing devising in the Secur ity Council as both powers (United States and Soviet Union) used their veto power to check each other.The United Nations found it extremely difficult to surface to a resolution on issues where both super powers had national interests. In such(prenominal) case as the Korean War where by and by the Soviet Union used her veto power to reject resolutions and left the Security Council completely paralyzed, the General Assembly through the Uniting for Peace resolution assumed the responsibility of making decisions. In spite of the heterogeneous obstacles the United Nations faced during the Cold War era in conflict resolution, it was however to an extent successful in maintaining international peace and security and most importantly, the outbreak of another World War.THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE KOREAN WARThe Korean War from 1950 to 1953 was the most severe test the United Nations had to face since its inception in 1945. As part of the Cold War scenario, the Korean War was a complicated issue with which the United Nations had to successfully deal with or lose credibility just five years after it had keep an eye on into being. The Korean experience tested the United Nations ability and credibility in maintaining international peace and security. In some ways the Korean chronological sequence could be regarded as the United Nations finest hour. present for the source and only judgment of conviction in its history, the Security Council called on its members to go to the defense of a state under armed attack1. It as well as marked the first attempt by an international organization to check an act of aggression, and it stands as the only joint on which enforcement action had been taken against aggressor states or other authorities2. Here in consequences the forces of a number of countries fought under the United Nations flag to hold up the principle that aggression should not be allowed to succeed3. But the concept of collective security was not upheld as only a quarter of the social station of he United Nations sent military assistance to southward Korea and the xvi states which did so were all Western countries. This was an example of alliance strategy than of enforcement action by an international organization of collective defence rather than collective security. The incident that a great majority of the United Nation rank and file though pro- western were unwilling to send significant armed swan to the country whose existence was threatened showed that the action would scarcely be give tongue to whole heartedly to fulfill the ideals enshrined in the Charter of the UN4.The dominance exercised by the United States over the entire operation in the Korean crisis deprived it of the make water of the genuine collective security. This was demonstrated in the early stages by the fact that most of the Security Council initiatives and resolutions were really in origin United States proposals. At the onset of North Korea attack on South Ko rea, the United States was the first state to send assistance both financially and militarily to South Korea even before the United Nations had taken a decision on the matter.The military operation was headed by a United States commander and decision that were taken originated directly from the White House and not from the UN secretariat. This defeated the purpose of collective security by placing the responsibility of a peacekeeping mission in the hands of a super power. This contrasted radically with the subsequent perpetrate of the UN in organizing peace-keeping forces from 1956 onward. In these cases the super power were normally excluded from participation altogether. And no single power or even a group of powers was able to dominate policy in the way the United States was allowed to do in Korea5.This gave a clear indication that the UN was dominated by the United States. more or less 90% of all army personnel, 93% of all air power and 80% of all naval power for the Korean Wa r had come from the United States. The Chinese got involved in the war (this escalated and prolonged the war) on the basis that they viewed the whole operation not as an United Nations peacekeeping mission but an effort by the United States to gain checker of Asia using the United Nation as a cover to set upon both Koreas and China.The decision of the United Nations Forces to cross the 38th analog likewise originated from the United States. The United States brought the proposal for the United Nations forces to cross the 38th parallel and enter North Korea before the General Assembly even though most of the participating states were against it. Even though there were other states that participated in the peace keeping operations, their opinion were barely considered by the United States. major of the decision making processes was held in Washington rather than New York. charm the success of the United Nations in repelling aggression in Korea had been in large part due to the co ntribution of the United States, the dominant graphic symbol of the United States weakened the collective character of the operation6. Throughout the whole episode, the United Nations failed to institute or even attempt to institute any effective negotiations among the parties concerned as in the case of South Korea and North Korea and besides the United States and the Soviet Union after the division of Korea.The United Nations also failed before 1950 to bring the two parties (North and South Korea) into discussion to as to bring about a resolution or involve the use of a mediator or good office to help along with negotiations alternatively the United Nations held on to its demands for all Korean election under the UN auspices. The Korean experience has shown that the Charter provision and machinery for which the Charter provides can be fit and utilized under certain conditions to defeat aggression and to discourage aggression in advance7.Since the decline of the Cold War, the U N however, has been more effective and efficient in maintaining international peace and security. The Korean experienced questioned the UN as a utilizable and promising means of dealing with threats to and breaches of the peace by collective measures and its limitations. The Uniting for Peace resolution which was passed by the General Assembly during the Korean War created a whole new dynamic.The veto power of the permanent members of the Security Council sometimes cripples the Council as it make decision making harder and slower in cases where the super powers have different contrasting interest as could be seen in the Korea conflict where the Soviet Union used her veto power to cripple the resolution passed by the other members of the council. The Uniting for Peace resolution gave the General Assembly the power and responsibility to make decisions under such circumstances where the Security Council is crippled and in capable of making decisions concerning the security matters.The Korean experience served as an important lesson for the UN in its pursuit of international peace and security. It has also shown that the purpose of collective security is to restore international peace and security and not do justice, particularly if the doing of justice, which often is highly controversial and in practice requires some accommodation of conflicting interests involves a serious risk of extending the war.Furthermore there is the additional danger where one member has disproportionate share in the direction of the operation that the member will seek to use the operation for implementation of its own national policies, policies which may not be in harmony with the interests and policies of other members of the United Nations. The United Nations could justifiably hold that it had fought a successful war to prevail a nation under attack what it could not claim, after eight-spot years of discussion, was that it had brought any nearer a resolution of the Korean problem. outcome The Korean War served as an important lesson to UN. In spite of the sundry(a) obstacles it has faced the United Nations had been able to improve and make amendment. Since the decline of the Cold War which was a major factor in the outcome of the Korean War has also strengthened the United Nations in the area of conflict resolution and peace keeping operation. ENDNOTES 1. Evan Luard, A History of the United Nations good deal 1 The Years of Western Domination 1945-1955 (Macmillan 1982), p. 71-272. 2. D. W. Bowett, United Nations Forces. A effective Study of United Nations Practice (London, Sterens and Sons, 1984), p. 30 3. Evan Luard, A History of the United Nations Volume 1 The Years of Western Domination 1945-1955 (Macmillan 1982), p. 272. 4. Ibid, p. 272-273. 5. Ibid, p. 273. 6. Leland M. Goodrich, The United Nations and the Korean War A Case Study, Proceedings of the Academy of semipolitical Science, Vol. 25. No. 2. United Nations Success or Failure p. 103. 7. Ibid, p . 102.